Jetted subgalactic-size radio sources in merging galaxies

A jet redirection scenario

¹ INAF − Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
³ INAF − Istituto di Radioastronomia, Stazione di Noto, Contrada Renna Bassa, I-96017 Noto, Italy
⁴ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manitoba, 30A Sifton Rd., Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada
⁵ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) – Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
⁶ School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Diogenes street, Engomi, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus

^⋆ Corresponding author; carlo.stanghellini@inaf.it

Received: 1 July 2024
Accepted: 10 February 2025

Abstract

Context. The long-standing question concerning jetted subgalactic-size (JSS) radio sources is whether they will evolve into large radio galaxies, die before escaping the host galaxy, or remain indefinitely confined to their compact size.

Aims. Our main goal is to propose a scenario that explains the relative number of JSS radio sources and their general properties.

Methods. We studied the parsec-scale radio morphology of a complete sample of 21 objects using Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations at various frequencies and analyzed the morphological characteristics of their optical hosts.

Results. Many of these radio sources exhibit radio morphologies consistent with transverse motions of their bright edges and are found in dynamically disturbed galaxies. VLBA images suggest the possible presence of large-angle, short-period precessing jets, and an orbital motion of the radio-loud active galactic nucleus (AGN) in a dual or binary system. The majority of JSS radio sources appear to be in systems in different stages of their merging evolution.

Conclusions. We propose a scenario where rapid jet redirection, through precession or orbital motion, prevents the jet from penetrating the interstellar medium (ISM) sufficiently to escape the host galaxy. Most JSS radio sources remain compact due to their occurrence in merging galaxies.