Characterisation of the warm-Jupiter TOI-1130 system with CHEOPS and a photo-dynamical approach^★

¹ INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
e-mail: luca.borsato@inaf.it
² ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
³ Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁴ Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
⁵ Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁶ Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
⁷ Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
⁸ European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁹ Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 439 92 Onsala, Sweden
¹⁰ Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
¹¹ Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
¹² CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
¹³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy
¹⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, 35122 Padova, Italy
¹⁵ Laboratoire Lagrange, UMR7293, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Université Côte d’Azur, Boulevard de l’Observatoire CS 34229 06304 Nice Cedex, France
¹⁶ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
¹⁷ Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
¹⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea s/n, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹⁹ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Astrofísico Francisco Sanchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
²⁰ Admatis, 5. Kandó Kálmán Street, 3534 Miskolc, Hungary
²¹ Depto. de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), ESAC campus, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada (Madrid), Spain
²² Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
²³ Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
²⁴ University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
²⁵ Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
²⁶ INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio, 20, 10025 Pino Torinese To, Italy
²⁷ Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
²⁸ Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, 38 rue Frédéric Joliot-Curie, 13388 Marseille, France
²⁹ Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19C, 4000 Liège, Belgium
³⁰ Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19C, 4000 Liège, Belgium
³¹ Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
³² ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szent Imre h. u. 112, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary
³³ SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
³⁴ Centre Vie dans l’Univers, Faculté des sciences, Université de Genève, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
³⁵ Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
³⁶ National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, University Campus, Zografos GR-157 84, Athens, Greece
³⁷ Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria
³⁸ Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
³⁹ Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
⁴⁰ ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
⁴¹ Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
⁴² IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ., 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
⁴³ Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, 98bis blvd. Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁴⁴ Astrophysics Group, Lennard Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
⁴⁵ Istituto di Scienze Polari del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ISP), via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
⁴⁶ Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (PNRA), Lungotevere Grande Ammiraglio Thaon di Revel 76, 00196 Rome, Italy
⁴⁷ INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
⁴⁸ Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
⁴⁹ Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Maltheserstrasse 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany
⁵⁰ Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Can Magrans s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
⁵¹ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
⁵² HUN-REN-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szent Imre h. u. 112., Szombathely 9700, Hungary
⁵³ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

Received: 3 June 2024
Accepted: 6 July 2024

Abstract

Context. Among the thousands of exoplanets discovered to date, approximately a few hundred gas giants on short-period orbits are classified as ‘lonely’ and only a few are in a multi-planet system with a smaller companion on a close orbit. The processes that formed multi-planet systems hosting gas giants on close orbits are poorly understood, and only a few examples of this kind of system have been observed and well characterised.

Aims. Within the contest of a multi-planet system hosting a gas giant on short orbits, we characterise the TOI-1130 system by measuring masses and orbital parameters. This is a two-transiting planet system with a Jupiter-like planet (c) on a 8.35 days orbit and a Neptune-like planet (b) on an inner (4.07 days) orbit. Both planets show strong anti-correlated transit timing variations (TTVs). Furthermore, radial velocity (RV) analysis showed an additional linear trend, a possible hint of a non-transiting candidate planet on a far outer orbit.

Methods. Since 2019, extensive transit and radial velocity observations of the TOI-1130 have been acquired using TESS and various ground-based facilities. We present a new photo-dynamical analysis of all available transit and RV data, with the addition of new CHEOPS and ASTEP+ data, which achieve the best precision to date on the planetary radii and masses and on the timings of each transit.

Results. We were able to model interior structure of planet b constraining the presence of a gaseous envelope of H/He, while it was not possible to assess the possible water content. Furthermore, we analysed the resonant state of the two transiting planets, and we found that they lie just outside the resonant region. This could be the result of the tidal evolution that the system underwent. We obtained both masses of the planets with a precision of less than 1.5%, and radii with a precision of about 1% and 3% for planet b and c, respectively.