Standardizing the gamma-ray burst as a standard candle and applying it to cosmological probes: Constraints on the two-component dark energy model

¹ School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
² School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
³ Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University) Ministry of Education, China

Received: 10 November 2023
Accepted: 27 May 2024

Abstract

As one of the most energetic and brightest events, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been used as a standard candle for cosmological probes. Based on the relevant features of the GRB light curve, namely a plateau phase followed a decay phase, we obtain X-ray samples of 31 GRBs and optical samples of 50 GRBs, which are thought to be caused by the same physical mechanism. We standardize GRBs using the two-dimension fundamental plane relation of the rest-frame luminosity of the plateau emission (L_b, z) and the end time of plateau (T_b, z) L_b, z − T_b, z, as well as the three-dimensional fundamental plane correlation including the peak energy (E_p, i) L_b, z − T_b, z − E_p, i. For the cosmological probes, we consider the ωCDM model in which the dark energy consists of one component, and mainly focus on the X₁X₂CDM model in which the dark energy is made up of two independent components. We obtain constraints on the related parameters of the cosmological models using type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) data and selected X-ray and optical samples. For the X₁X₂CDM model, we find that the values of the equation-of-state parameters of two dark energies, ω₁ and ω₂, are very close. We also carry out a comparison between the models using the Bayesian information criterion, and find that the ωCDM model is favored.