Accuracy of ALMA estimates of young disk radii and masses

Predicted observations from numerical simulations

¹ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
e-mail: duy-tung.ngo@cea.fr
² Université Paris Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
e-mail: duy-tung.ngo@etu.u-paris.fr
³ Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia (DIFA), Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁴ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
⁵ Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Albert-Ueberle-Str. 2, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁶ Universität Heidelberg, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁷ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
⁸ Fakultat für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany
⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria, 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
¹⁰ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
¹¹ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy

Received: 25 November 2023
Accepted: 20 January 2024

Abstract

Context. Protoplanetary disks, which are the natural consequence of the gravitational collapse of the dense molecular cloud cores, host the formation of the known planetary systems in our universe. Substantial efforts have been dedicated to investigating the properties of these disks in the more mature Class II stage, either via numerical simulations of disk evolution from a limited range of initial conditions or observations of their dust continuum and line emission from specific molecular tracers. The results coming from these two standpoints have been used to draw comparisons. However, few studies have investigated the main limitations at work when measuring the embedded Class 0/I disk properties from observations, especially in a statistical fashion.

Aims. In this study, we provide a first attempt to compare the accuracy of some critical disk parameters in Class 0/I systems, as derived on real ALMA observational data, with the corresponding physical parameters that can be directly defined by theoreticians and modellers in numerical simulations. The approach we follow here is to provide full post-processing of the numerical simulations and apply it to the synthetic observations the same techniques used by observers to derive the physical parameters.

Methods. We performed 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer and mock interferometric observations of the disk populations formed in a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation model of disk formation through the collapse of massive clumps with the tools RADMC-3D and CASA, respectively, to obtain their synthetic observations. With these observations, we re-employed the techniques commonly used in disk modelling from their continuum emissions to infer the properties that would most likely be obtained with real interferometers. We then demonstrated how these properties may vary with respect to the gas kinematics analyses and dust continuum modelling.

Results. Our modelling procedure, based on a two-component model for the disk and the envelope, shows that the disk sizes can be properly recovered from observations with sufficient angular resolutions, with an uncertainty of a factor ≈1.6–2.2, whereas their masses cannot be accurately measured. Overall, the masses are predominantly underestimated for larger, more massive disks by a median factor of ≈2.5, and even up to 10 in extreme cases, with the conversion from flux to dust mass under the optically thin assumption. We also find that the single Gaussian fittings are not a reliable modelling technique for young, embedded disks characterised by a strong presence of the envelopes. Thus, such an approach is to be used with caution.

Conclusions. The radiative transfer post-processing and synthetic observations of MHD simulations offer genuine help in linking important observable properties of young planet-forming disks to their intrinsic values in simulations. Further extended investigations that tackle the caveats of this study, such as the lack of variation in the dust composition and distribution, dust-to-gas ratio, and other shortcomings in the numerical models, would be essential for setting constraints on our understanding of disk and planet formations.