Letter to the Editor

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon grains as an alternative carrier of the 9–13 μm plateau feature in the fullerene planetary nebula Tc 1

¹ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
e-mail: magm@iac.es; agarcia@iac.es
² Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
³ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain

Received: 22 December 2023
Accepted: 5 February 2024

Abstract

Fullerenes have been observed in several astronomical objects since the discovery of C₆₀ in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectrum of the planetary nebula (PN) Tc 1. It has been suggested that the carriers of the broad unidentified infrared (UIR) plateau features, such as the 9–13 μm emission feature (12 μm hereafter), may be related to the formation of fullerenes. In particular, their carriers have been suggested to be mixed aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hydrogenated amorphous carbon (HAC-like hereafter) grains. For this study, we modeled the mid-IR emission of the C₆₀-PN Tc 1 with a photoionization code, including for the first time the laboratory optical constants (n and k indices) of HAC-like dust at 300 K. Interestingly, we find that the broad 12 μm plateau feature in Tc 1 is well reproduced by using a distribution of canonical HAC grains, while at the same time they provide an important fraction of the IR dust continuum emission and are consistent with the other UIR features observed (e.g., the broad 6–9 μm plateau feature). This finding suggests that HAC-like grains may be possible carriers of the 12 μm plateau feature, being likely related to the fullerene formation mechanism in PNe. More laboratory experiments, to obtain the optical constants of HAC-like dust with several structures or a composition at different physical conditions, are strongly encouraged – that is, in order to extend this pilot study to more fullerene PNe, and to unveil the details of fullerene formation and of the potential carriers of the elusive UIR plateau features.