Do all gaps in protoplanetary discs host planets?

¹ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
e-mail: anastasiatzouvanou@gmail.com, bitsch@mpia-hd.mpg.de
² GPS Division, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA

Received: 22 June 2023
Accepted: 20 July 2023

Abstract

Following the assumption that the disc substructures observed in protoplanetary discs originate from the interaction between the disc and the forming planets embedded therein, we aim to test if these putative planets could represent the progenitors of the currently observed giant exoplanets. We performed N-body simulations initially assuming three, four, five, or seven planets. Our model includes pebble and gas accretion, migration, damping of eccentricities and inclinations, disc-planet interaction, and disc evolution. We located the planets in the positions where the gaps in protoplanetary discs have been observed and we evolved the systems for 100 Myr including a few million years of gas disc evolution, while also testing three values of α viscosity. For planetary systems with initially three and four planets, we find that most of the growing planets lie beyond the radial-velocity (RV) detection limit of 5AU and only a small fraction of them migrate into the inner region. We also find that these systems have final eccentricities that are too low to be in agreement with the observed giant planet population. Systems initially consisting of five or seven planets become unstable after ≈40 Kyr of integration time. This clearly shows that not every gap can host a planet. The general outcome of our simulations – eccentricities that are too low – is independent of the disc’s viscosity and surface density. Further observations could either confirm the existence of an undetected population of wide-orbit giants or exclude the presence of such an undetected population to constrain how many planets hide in gaps even further.