Euclid preparation

XXX. Performance assessment of the NISP red grism through spectroscopic simulations for the wide and deep surveys

¹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Universitá di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
e-mail: louis.gabarra@pd.infn.it
² INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
³ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁴ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁶ INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁷ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
⁸ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
¹⁰ INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
¹¹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universita di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹² INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
¹³ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
¹⁴ Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Galaxy Evolution, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
¹⁵ INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
¹⁶ Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy
¹⁷ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
¹⁸ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁹ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
²⁰ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
²¹ Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
²² INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
²³ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
²⁴ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
²⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
²⁶ INFN-Sezione di Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
²⁷ Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
²⁸ Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
²⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitâ degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
³⁰ INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
³¹ Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
³² Port d’Informacio Cientifica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
³³ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer Gran Capitá 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
³⁴ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
³⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
³⁶ INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
³⁷ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales - Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
³⁸ Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris Cedex 16, France
³⁹ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
⁴⁰ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁴¹ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain
⁴² European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
⁴³ University of Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁴⁴ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
⁴⁵ Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁴⁶ Departamento de Fisica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁴⁷ Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁴⁸ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁴⁹ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁵⁰ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁵¹ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Universitâ degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵² INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵³ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
⁵⁴ Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
⁵⁵ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark
⁵⁶ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁵⁷ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁵⁸ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁵⁹ Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁶⁰ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁶¹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁶² NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991PD, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
⁶³ Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁶⁴ Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK
⁶⁵ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
⁶⁶ School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
⁶⁷ European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁶⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
⁶⁹ Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁷⁰ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁷¹ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁷² Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁷³ Departamento de Fisica, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
⁷⁴ Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
⁷⁵ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
⁷⁶ Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
⁷⁷ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electronica y Tecnologia de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
⁷⁸ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
⁷⁹ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
⁸⁰ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁸¹ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
⁸² AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁸³ Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Calle Via Lâctea s/n, 38204, San Cristobal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁸⁴ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
⁸⁵ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁸⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” - Alma Mater Studiorum Universita di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁸⁷ CEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d’Astrophysique, Bât. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁸⁸ Junia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France
⁸⁹ INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁹⁰ Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
⁹¹ CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
⁹² Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
⁹³ Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, LERMA, 75014 Paris, France
⁹⁴ Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
⁹⁵ SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy
⁹⁶ INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy
⁹⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Universita degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁹⁸ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁹⁹ Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁰⁰ NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
¹⁰¹ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁰² Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
¹⁰³ Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
¹⁰⁴ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
¹⁰⁵ University of Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹⁰⁶ Department of Astronomy & Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada
¹⁰⁷ School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
¹⁰⁸ University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
¹⁰⁹ Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), 44780 Bochum, Germany
¹¹⁰ Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
¹¹¹ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
¹¹² Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
¹¹³ Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
¹¹⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
¹¹⁵ University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
¹¹⁶ INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
¹¹⁷ Centro de Astrofisica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹¹⁸ Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy
¹¹⁹ INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy
¹²⁰ INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
¹²¹ Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
¹²² Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹²³ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹²⁴ Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
¹²⁵ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
¹²⁶ Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

Received: 17 February 2023
Accepted: 6 June 2023

Abstract

This work focusses on the pilot run of a simulation campaign aimed at investigating the spectroscopic capabilities of the Euclid Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP), in terms of continuum and emission line detection in the context of galaxy evolutionary studies. To this purpose, we constructed, emulated, and analysed the spectra of 4992 star-forming galaxies at 0.3 ≤ z ≤ 2.5 using the NISP pixel-level simulator. We built the spectral library starting from public multi-wavelength galaxy catalogues, with value-added information on spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting results, and stellar population templates from Bruzual & Charlot (2003, MNRAS, 344, 1000). Rest-frame optical and near-IR nebular emission lines were included using empirical and theoretical relations. Dust attenuation was treated using the Calzetti extinction law accounting for the differential attenuation in line-emitting regions with respect to the stellar continuum. The NISP simulator was configured including instrumental and astrophysical sources of noise such as the dark current, read-out noise, zodiacal background, and out-of-field stray light. In this preliminary study, we avoided contamination due to the overlap of the slitless spectra. For this purpose, we located the galaxies on a grid and simulated only the first order spectra. We inferred the 3.5σ NISP red grism spectroscopic detection limit of the continuum measured in the H band for star-forming galaxies with a median disk half-light radius of 0.″4 at magnitude H = 19.5 ± 0.2 AB mag for the Euclid Wide Survey and at H = 20.8 ± 0.6 AB mag for the Euclid Deep Survey. We found a very good agreement with the red grism emission line detection limit requirement for the Wide and Deep surveys. We characterised the effect of the galaxy shape on the detection capability of the red grism and highlighted the degradation of the quality of the extracted spectra as the disk size increased. In particular, we found that the extracted emission line signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) drops by ~45% when the disk size ranges from 0.″25 to 1″. These trends lead to a correlation between the emission line S/N and the stellar mass of the galaxy and we demonstrate the effect in a stacking analysis unveiling emission lines otherwise too faint to detect.