Euclid preparation

XXII. Selection of quiescent galaxies from mock photometry using machine learning

¹ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
e-mail: andrew.humphrey@astro.up.pt
² DTx – Digital Transformation CoLAB, Building 1, Azurém Campus, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
³ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁴ Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal
⁵ School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
⁶ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
⁷ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
⁸ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁹ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
¹⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Universitàdi Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹¹ Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
¹² INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
¹³ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁴ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
¹⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
¹⁶ Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy
¹⁷ INFN-Sezione di Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Roma, Italy
¹⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
¹⁹ INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
²⁰ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
²¹ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
²² Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
²³ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer Gran Capitá 2–4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
²⁴ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
²⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
²⁶ Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy
²⁷ INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy
²⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Universitá di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
²⁹ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy
³⁰ Centre National d’Études Spatiales, 18 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
³¹ Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris Cédex 16, France
³² Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
³³ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
³⁴ European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
³⁵ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
³⁶ Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
³⁷ Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
³⁸ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
³⁹ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁴⁰ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Écogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁴¹ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, Rue Jean-Dominique Cassini, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
⁴² Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
⁴³ INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁴⁴ AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁴⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁶ FRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231 Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain
⁴⁷ Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, 902, CEDEX, Case, 13288, 163 Av. de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
⁴⁸ Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio (OAS), Via Gobetti 93/3, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁹ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁰ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁵¹ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵² INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
⁵³ INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵⁴ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁵⁵ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
⁵⁶ von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, SchloßPlatz 8, 68723 Schwetzingen, Germany
⁵⁷ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁵⁸ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁵⁹ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁶⁰ NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991PD, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
⁶¹ Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁶² INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁶³ Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK
⁶⁴ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
⁶⁵ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France
⁶⁶ Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6 et CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁶⁷ University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, Bahnhofstrasse 6, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
⁶⁸ European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁶⁹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
⁷⁰ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gifsur-Yvette, France
⁷¹ Institute of Space Science, Bucharest 077125, Romania
⁷² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G.Galilei”, Universitá di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁷³ Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
⁷⁴ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
⁷⁵ INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁷⁶ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
⁷⁷ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
⁷⁸ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁷⁹ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
⁸⁰ INAF-IASF Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁸¹ INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy
⁸² SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy
⁸³ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁸⁴ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC); Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁸⁵ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
⁸⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Universitá di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
⁸⁷ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁸⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Universitá degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁸⁹ Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
⁹⁰ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁹¹ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
⁹² University of Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, France
⁹³ INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
⁹⁴ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
⁹⁵ Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
⁹⁶ Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁹⁷ Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
⁹⁸ Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University 61, avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
⁹⁹ Université de Paris, 75013, Paris, France, LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75014 Paris, France
¹⁰⁰ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
¹⁰¹ Code 665, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 and SSAI, Lanham, MD 20770, USA
¹⁰² Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
¹⁰³ Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
¹⁰⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
¹⁰⁵ Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
¹⁰⁶ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁰⁷ Zentrum für Astronomie, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁰⁸ Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100, Lecce, Italy
¹⁰⁹ INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100, Lecce, Italy
¹¹⁰ Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹¹¹ Junia, EPA department, 59000 Lille, France
¹¹² Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Ln, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
¹¹³ Department of Physics, PO Box 35 (YFL), 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
¹¹⁴ Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), 44780 Bochum, Germany

Received: 20 June 2022
Accepted: 15 September 2022

Abstract

The Euclid Space Telescope will provide deep imaging at optical and near-infrared wavelengths, along with slitless near-infrared spectroscopy, across ~15 000deg² of the sky. Euclid is expected to detect ~12 billion astronomical sources, facilitating new insights into cosmology, galaxy evolution, and various other topics. In order to optimally exploit the expected very large dataset, appropriate methods and software tools need to be developed. Here we present a novel machine-learning-based methodology for the selection of quiescent galaxies using broadband Euclid I_E, Y_E, J_E, and H_E photometry, in combination with multi-wavelength photometry from other large surveys (e.g. the Rubin LSST). The ARIADNE pipeline uses meta-learning to fuse decision-tree ensembles, nearest-neighbours, and deep-learning methods into a single classifier that yields significantly higher accuracy than any of the individual learning methods separately. The pipeline has been designed to have 'sparsity awareness', such that missing photometry values are informative for the classification. In addition, our pipeline is able to derive photometric redshifts for galaxies selected as quiescent, aided by the 'pseudo-labelling' semi-supervised method, and using an outlier detection algorithm to identify and reject likely catastrophic outliers. After the application of the outlier filter, our pipeline achieves a normalised mean absolute deviation of ≲0.03 and a fraction of catastrophic outliers of ≲0.02 when measured against the COSMOS2015 photometric redshifts. We apply our classification pipeline to mock galaxy photometry catalogues corresponding to three main scenarios: (i) Euclid Deep Survey photometry with ancillary ugriz, WISE, and radio data; (ii) Euclid Wide Survey photometry with ancillary ugriz, WISE, and radio data; and (iii) Euclid Wide Survey photometry only, with no foreknowledge of galaxy redshifts. In a like-for-like comparison, our classification pipeline outperforms UVJ selection, in addition to the Euclid I_E – Y_E, J_E – H_E and u – I_E, I_E – J_E colour-colour methods, with improvements in completeness and the F1-score (the harmonic mean of precision and recall) of up to a factor of 2.