| Issue |
A&A
Volume 669, January 2023
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | A22 | |
| Number of page(s) | 29 | |
| Section | Galactic structure, stellar clusters and populations | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202244265 | |
| Published online | 22 December 2022 | |
Star formation in IC1396: Kinematics and subcluster structure revealed by Gaia⋆
1
Departamento de Física Teórica, Facutad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
2
SUPA, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, DD1 4HN Dundee, UK
e-mail: maraelizabeth.pelayo@estudiante.uam.es
3
Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Yuanhua Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
4
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Florence, Italy
5
Department of Physics “E. Fermi”, University of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
6
INFN, Section of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
7
Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, USA Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721-0065, USA
8
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Avenida Vía Láctea, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
9
Grantecan S.A., Centro de Astrofísica de La Palma, Cuesta de San José, 38712 Breña Baja, La Palma, Spain
Received:
14
June
2022
Accepted:
17
October
2022
Aims. We investigate the star formation history of the IC1396 region by studying its kinematics and completing the population census.
Methods. We used multiwavelength data, combining optical spectroscopy to identify and classify new members and near-infrared photometry to trace shocks, jets, and outflows as well as the interactions between the cluster members and the cloud. We also used Gaia EDR3 data to identify new potential members in the multidimensional proper motion and parallax space.
Results. The revised Gaia EDR3 distance is 925±73 pc, slightly closer than previously obtained with DR2. The Gaia data reveal four distinct subclusters in the region. These subclusters are consistent in distance but display differences in proper motion. This result, with their age differences, hints toward a complex and varied star formation history. The Gaia data also unveil intermediate-mass objects that tend to evade spectroscopic and disk surveys. Our analysis has allowed us to identify 334 new members. We estimate an average age of ∼4 Myr, confirming previous age estimates. With the new members added to our study, we estimate a disk fraction of 28%, lower than previous values, due to our method detecting mainly new, diskless, intermediate-mass stars. We find age differences between the subclusters, which offers evidence of a complex star formation history with different episodes of star formation.
Key words: globular clusters: individual: IC1396 / stars: formation / stars: pre-main sequence / techniques: spectroscopic / H II regions / ISM: jets and outflows
Full Tables A.1, D.1, and E.1 are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr (130.79.128.5) or via https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/669/A22
© The Authors 2022
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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