High-resolution imaging with the International LOFAR Telescope: Observations of the gravitational lenses MG 0751+2716 and CLASS B1600+434

¹ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
e-mail: shruti.badole@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk
² Department of Astronomy and The Oskar Klein Centre, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
³ Square Kilometre Array Organisation, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington SK11 9FT, Cheshire, UK
⁴ Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
⁵ Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
⁶ ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
⁷ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands

Received: 30 April 2021
Accepted: 22 July 2021

Abstract

We present Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) telescope observations of the radio-loud gravitational lens systems MG 0751+2716 and CLASS B1600+434. These observations produce images at 300 milliarcseconds (mas) resolution at 150 MHz. In the case of MG 0751+2716, lens modelling is used to derive a size estimate of around 2 kpc for the low-frequency source, which is consistent with a previous 27.4 GHz study in the radio continuum with Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. This consistency implies that the low-frequency radio source is cospatial with the core-jet structure that forms the radio structure at higher frequencies, and no significant lobe emission or further components associated with star formation are detected within the magnified region of the lens. CLASS B1600+434 is a two-image lens where one of the images passes through the edge-on spiral lensing galaxy, and the low radio frequency allows us to derive limits on propagation effects, namely scattering, in the lensing galaxy. The observed flux density ratio of the two lensed images is 1.19 ± 0.04 at an observed frequency of 150 MHz. The widths of the two images give an upper limit of 0.035 kpc m^−20∕3 on the integrated scattering column through the galaxy at a distance approximately 1 kpc above its plane, under the assumption that image A is not affected by scattering. This is relatively small compared to limits derived through very long baseline interferometry studies of differential scattering in lens systems. These observations demonstrate that LOFAR is an excellent instrument for studying gravitational lenses. We also report on the inability to calibrate three further lens observations: two from early observations that have less well determined station calibration, and a third observation impacted by phase transfer problems.