Clustering of red and blue galaxies around high-redshift 3C radio sources as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope

¹ Astronomisches Institut, Ruhr–Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
e-mail: ghaffari@astro.ruhr-uni-bochum.de
² AURA for the European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
³ Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
⁴ Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
⁵ Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, Casilla, 1280 Antofagasta, Chile
⁶ Finnish Centre for Astronomy with the European Southern Observatory, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, 21500 Piikkiö, Finland
⁷ Lowell Observatory, 1400 West Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA

Received: 11 September 2020
Accepted: 19 June 2021

Abstract

To properly understand the evolution of high-redshift galaxy clusters, both passive and star-forming galaxies have to be considered. Here we study the clustering environment of 21 radio galaxies and quasars at 1 < z < 2.5 from the third Cambridge catalog (3C). We use optical and near-infrared Hubble Space Telescope images with a 2′ field-of-view, where the filters encompass the rest-frame 4000 Å break. Passive red and star-forming blue galaxies were separated in the color–magnitude diagram using a redshift-dependent cut derived from galaxy evolution models. We find that about 16 of 21 radio sources inhabit a galaxy overdensity on scales of 250 kpc (30″) projected radius. The sample shows a diversity of red and blue overdensities and also sometimes a deficiency of blue galaxies in the center. The following tentative evolutionary trends are seen: extended proto-clusters with only weak overdensities at z > 1.6, red overdensities at 1.2 < z < 1.6, and red overdensities with an increased deficit of central blue galaxies at z < 1.2. Only a few 3C sources show a blue overdensity tracing active star-formation in the cluster centers; this rarity could indicate that the powerful quasar activity may quench star-formation in the vicinity of most radio sources. The derived number of central luminous red galaxies and the radial density profiles are comparable to those found in local clusters, indicating that some 3C clusters are already mass-rich and compact.