Stellar clustering and orbital architecture of planetary systems^★

¹ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
e-mail: Vardan.Adibekyan@astro.up.pt
² Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
³ European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Región Metropolitana, Chile
⁴ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵ Departamento de Astrofìsica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁶ Center for Cosmology and Astrophysics, Alikhanian National Science Laboratory, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Str., 0036 Yerevan, Armenia

Received: 22 December 2020
Accepted: 26 February 2021

Abstract

Context. Revealing the mechanisms shaping the architecture of planetary systems is crucial for our understanding of their formation and evolution. In this context, it has been recently proposed that stellar clustering might be the key in shaping the orbital architecture of exoplanets.

Aims. The main goal of this work is to explore the factors that shape the orbits of planets.

Methods. We performed different statistical tests to compare the properties of planets and their host stars associated with different stellar environments.

Results. We used a homogeneous sample of relatively young FGK dwarf stars with radial velocity detected planets and tested the hypothesis that their association to phase space (position-velocity) over-densities (“cluster” stars) and under-densities (“field” stars) impacts the orbital periods of planets. When controlling for the host star properties on a sample of 52 planets orbiting around cluster stars and 15 planets orbiting around field stars, we found no significant difference in the period distribution of planets orbiting these two populations of stars. By considering an extended sample of 73 planets orbiting around cluster stars and 25 planets orbiting field stars, a significant difference in the planetary period distributions emerged. However, the hosts associated with stellar under-densities appeared to be significantly older than their cluster counterparts. This does not allow us to conclude as to whether the planetary architecture is related to age, environment, or both. We further studied a sample of planets orbiting cluster stars to study the mechanism responsible for the shaping of orbits of planets in similar environments. We could not identify a parameter that can unambiguously be responsible for the orbital architecture of massive planets, perhaps, indicating the complexity of the issue.

Conclusions. An increased number of planets in clusters and in over-density environments will help to build large and unbiased samples which will then allow to better understand the dominant processes shaping the orbits of planets.