Issue |
A&A
Volume 649, May 2021
Gaia Early Data Release 3
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A8 | |
Number of page(s) | 38 | |
Section | Galactic structure, stellar clusters and populations | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039714 | |
Published online | 28 April 2021 |
Gaia Early Data Release 3
The Galactic anticentre★
1
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB),
Martí i Franquès 1,
08028
Barcelona, Spain
2
Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University,
Box 43,
22100
Lund,
Sweden
3
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229,
06304
Nice Cedex 4,
France
4
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen,
Landleven 12,
9747 AD
Groningen, The Netherlands
5
Centro de Astronomía - CITEVA, Universidad de Antofagasta,
Avenida Angamos 601,
Antofagasta
1270300,
Chile
6
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London,
Holmbury St Mary,
Dorking,
Surrey
RH5 6NT, UK
7
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University,
Niels Bohrweg 2,
2333 CA
Leiden, The Netherlands
8
INAF - Osservatorio astronomico di Padova,
Vicolo Osservatorio 5,
35122
Padova,
Italy
9
European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC),
Keplerlaan 1,
2201AZ,
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
10
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG,
38000
Grenoble, France
11
GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS,
5 Place Jules Janssen,
92190
Meudon, France
12
Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg,
Mönchhofstr. 12-14,
69120
Heidelberg, Germany
13
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge,
Madingley Road,
Cambridge
CB3 0HA, UK
14
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva,
Chemin des Maillettes 51,
1290
Versoix, Switzerland
15
Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA),
Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid,
Spain
16
Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden,
Mommsenstraße 13,
01062
Dresden, Germany
17
European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo,
Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid,
Spain
18
CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse,
18 avenue Edouard Belin,
31401
Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
19
Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe,
1050
Brussels, Belgium
20
F.R.S.-FNRS,
Rue d’Egmont 5,
1000
Brussels, Belgium
21
INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri,
Largo Enrico Fermi 5,
50125
Firenze,
Italy
22
Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,
33615
Pessac,
France
23
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy,
Königstuhl 17,
69117
Heidelberg,
Germany
24
INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino,
Via Osservatorio 20,
10025 Pino Torinese (TO),
Italy
25
University of Turin, Department of Physics,
Via Pietro Giuria 1,
10125
Torino,
Italy
26
DAPCOM for Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB),
Martí i Franquès 1,
08028
Barcelona, Spain
27
Royal Observatory of Belgium,
Ringlaan 3,
1180
Brussels, Belgium
28
ALTEC S.p.a,
Corso Marche, 79,
10146
Torino, Italy
29
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva,
Chemin d’Ecogia 16,
1290
Versoix, Switzerland
30
Sednai Sàrl,
Geneva, Switzerland
31
Gaia DPAC Project Office, ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo,
Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid,
Spain
32
Telespazio Vega UK Ltd for European Space Agency (ESA),
Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid,
Spain
33
SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE,
61 avenue de l’Observatoire
75014
Paris,
France
34
National Observatoryof Athens,
I. Metaxa and Vas. Pavlou, Palaia Penteli,
15236
Athens, Greece
35
IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Lille,
77 av. Denfert-Rochereau,
75014
Paris,
France
36
INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania,
Via S. Sofia 78,
95123
Catania,
Italy
37
Serco Gestión de Negocios forEuropean Space Agency (ESA),
Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid,
Spain
38
INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna,
Via Piero Gobetti 93/3,
40129
Bologna,
Italy
39
Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août,
4000
Liège, Belgium
40
CRAAG - Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Route de l’Observatoire Bp 63 Bouzareah
16340
Algiers, Algeria
41
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh,
Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill,
Edinburgh
EH9 3HJ, UK
42
ATG Europe for European Space Agency (ESA),
Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid,
Spain
43
ETSE Telecomunicación, Universidade de Vigo,
Campus Lagoas-Marcosende,
36310
Vigo,
Galicia, Spain
44
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550,
11 ruede l’Université,
67000
Strasbourg, France
45
Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy,
Madingley Road,
Cambridge,
CB3 0HA,
USA
46
Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos,
15783
Athens, Greece
47
Observational Astrophysics, Division of Astronomy and Space Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University,
Box 516,
751 20
Uppsala, Sweden
48
Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP),
An der Sternwarte 16,
14482
Potsdam,
Germany
49
CENTRA, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C8, Campo Grande,
1749-016
Lisboa, Portugal
50
Department of Informatics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California,
5019 Donald Bren Hall,
92697-3440 CA
Irvine, USA
51
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64,
95123
Catania, Italy
52
CITIC, Department of Nautical Sciences and Marine Engineering, University of A Coruña,
Campus de Elviña s/n,
15071,
A Coruña, Spain
53
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma,
Via Frascati 33,
00078
Monte Porzio Catone (Roma),
Italy
54
Space Science Data Center - ASI,
Via del Politecnico SNC,
00133
Roma, Italy
55
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki,
PO Box 64,
00014
Helsinki,
Finland
56
Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI,
Geodeetinrinne 2,
02430
Masala,
Finland
57
STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
Harwell,
Didcot,
OX11 0QX, UK
58
Institut UTINAM CNRS UMR6213, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, OSU THETA Franche-Comté Bourgogne, Observatoire de Besançon, BP1615,
25010
Besançon Cedex,
France
59
HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA),
Keplerlaan 1,
2201AZ,
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
60
Dpto. de Inteligencia Artificial, UNED, c/ Juan del Rosal 16,
28040
Madrid, Spain
61
Applied Physics Department, Universidade de Vigo,
36310
Vigo,
Spain
62
Thales Services for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse,
18 avenue Edouard Belin,
31401 Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
63
Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, KU Leuven,
Celestijnenlaan 200D,
3001
Leuven, Belgium
64
Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University,
PO Box 9010,
6500 GL
Nijmegen, The Netherlands
65
CITIC - Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, University of A Coruña,
Campus de Elviña s/n,
15071,
A Coruña, Spain
66
Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación,
c/ Jordi Girona 29, Ed. Nexus II,
08034
Barcelona, Spain
67
University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics,
Türkenschanzstraße 17,
A1180
Vienna, Austria
68
European Southern Observatory,
Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2,
85748
Garching,
Germany
69
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road,
Leicester
LE1 7RH, UK
70
Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County,
1000 Hilltop Circle,
Baltimore MD, USA
71
GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center,
Code 698, 8800 Greenbelt Rd,
20771 MD
Greenbelt, USA
72
EURIX S.r.l., Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 61,
10128,
Torino,
Italy
73
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,
60 Garden St., MS 15,
Cambridge,
MA 02138,
USA
74
HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA),
Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid,
Spain
75
CAUP - Centro de Astrofisica da Universidade do Porto,
Rua das Estrelas,
Porto, Portugal
76
SISSA - Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati,
via Bonomea 265,
34136
Trieste,
Italy
77
Telespazio for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse,
18 avenue Edouard Belin,
31401
Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
78
University of Turin, Department of Computer Sciences,
Corso Svizzera 185,
10149
Torino,
Italy
79
Departmento de Matemática Aplicada y Ciencias de la Computación, Univ. de Cantabria, ETS Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Avda. de los Castros s/n,
39005
Santander,
Spain
80
Vera C Rubin Observatory,
950 N. Cherry Avenue,
Tucson,
AZ 85719, USA
81
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire,
College Lane,
AL10 9AB,
Hatfield, UK
82
University of Antwerp, Onderzoeksgroep Toegepaste Wiskunde,
Middelheimlaan 1,
2020
Antwerp, Belgium
83
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo,
Via Mentore Maggini,
64100
Teramo, Italy
84
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofìsica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo,
Rua do Matão, 1226, Cidade Universitaria,
05508-900
São Paulo,
SP,
Brazil
85
Mésocentre de calcul de Franche-Comté, Université de Franche-Comté,
16 route de Gray,
25030
Besançon Cedex, France
86
SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research,
Sorbonnelaan 2,
3584CA,
Utrecht, The Netherlands
87
RHEA for European Space Agency (ESA),
Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid,
Spain
88
ATOS for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse,
18 avenue Edouard Belin,
31401
Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
89
School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University,
Tel Aviv
6997801,
Israel
90
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast,
Belfast
BT7 1NN, UK
91
Centre de Données Astronomique de Strasbourg,
Strasbourg, France
92
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Géoazur, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229,
06304
Nice Cedex 4,
France
93
Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik,
Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 1,
85748
Garching,
Germany
94
APAVE SUDEUROPE SAS for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse,
18 avenue Edouard Belin,
31401
Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
95
Área de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos, Universidad Pablo de Olavide,
Ctra. de Utrera, km 1. 41013,
Sevilla, Spain
96
Onboard Space Systems, Luleå University of Technology,
Box 848,
S-981 28
Kiruna,
Sweden
97
TRUMPF Photonic Components GmbH,
Lise-Meitner-Straße 13,
89081
Ulm,
Germany
98
IAC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias,
Via Láctea s/n,
38200
La Laguna S.C.,
Tenerife, Spain
99
Department of Astrophysics, University of La Laguna,
Via Láctea s/n,
38200
La Laguna S.C.,
Tenerife, Spain
100
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, CNRS Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC72,
34095
Montpellier Cedex 05, France
101
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris,
5 Place Jules Janssen,
92190
Meudon,
France
102
Villanova University, Department of Astrophysics and Planetary Science,
800 E Lancaster Avenue,
Villanova PA
19085,
USA
103
Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw,
Al. Ujazdowskie 4,
00-478
Warszawa,
Poland
104
Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,
33615
Pessac,
France
105
Université Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) - UMR 6251,
35000
Rennes, France
106
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte,
Via Moiariello 16,
80131,
Napoli, Italy
107
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen,
Juliane Maries Vej 30,
2100
Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
108
Las Cumbres Observatory,
6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102,
Goleta,
CA 93117, USA
109
Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University,
146 Brownlow Hill,
Liverpool
L3 5RF, UK
110
IPAC, Mail Code 100-22, California Institute of Technology,
1200 E. California Blvd.,
Pasadena,
CA 91125, USA
111
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
4800 Oak Grove Drive, M/S 169-327,
Pasadena,
CA 91109, USA
112
IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES,
9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346,
31028
Toulouse Cedex 4,
France
113
Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre of Excellence,
Konkoly Thege Miklós út15-17,
1121
Budapest, Hungary
114
MTA CSFK Lendület Near-Field Cosmology Research Group, Konkoly Observatory, MTA Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17,
1121
Budapest, Hungary
115
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics,
1117, Pázmány Péter sétány 1A,
Budapest, Hungary
116
Ruđer Bošković Institute,
Bijenička cesta 54,
10000
Zagreb,
Croatia
117
Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague,
Czech Republic
118
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera,
Via E. Bianchi 46,
23807
Merate (LC),
Italy
119
AKKA for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse,
18 avenue Edouard Belin,
31401
Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
120
Departmento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
28040
Madrid,
Spain
121
Vitrociset Belgium for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid,
Spain
122
Department of Astrophysical Sciences,
4 Ivy Lane, Princeton University,
Princeton NJ
08544,
USA
123
Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), ESA-ESAC, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada,
Madrid, Spain
124
naXys, University of Namur, Rempart de la Vierge,
5000
Namur, Belgium
125
EPFL - Ecole Polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Mathematics,
Station 8 EPFL SB MATH SDS,
Lausanne, Switzerland
126
H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol,
Tyndall Avenue,
Bristol
BS8 1TL, UK
127
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis bd. Arago,
75014
Paris,
France
128
Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University,
Tel Aviv
6997801,
Israel
129
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC72,
34095
Montpellier Cedex 05, France
130
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana,
Jadranska ulica 19,
1000
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Received:
19
October
2020
Accepted:
12
January
2021
Aims. We aim to demonstrate the scientific potential of the Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) for the study of different aspects of the Milky Way structure and evolution and we provide, at the same time, a description of several practical aspects of the data and examples of their usage.
Methods. We used astrometric positions, proper motions, parallaxes, and photometry from EDR3 to select different populations and components and to calculate the distances and velocities in the direction of the anticentre. In this direction, the Gaia astrometric data alone enable the calculation of the vertical and azimuthal velocities; also, the extinction is relatively low compared to other directions in the Galactic plane. We then explore the disturbances of the current disc, the spatial and kinematical distributions of early accreted versus in situ stars, the structures in the outer parts of the disc, and the orbits of open clusters Berkeley 29 and Saurer 1.
Results. With the improved astrometry and photometry of EDR3, we find that: (i) the dynamics of the Galactic disc are very complex with oscillations in the median rotation and vertical velocities as a function of radius, vertical asymmetries, and new correlations, including a bimodality with disc stars with large angular momentum moving vertically upwards from below the plane, and disc stars with slightly lower angular momentum moving preferentially downwards; (ii) we resolve the kinematic substructure (diagonal ridges) in the outer parts of the disc for the first time; (iii) the red sequence that has been associated with the proto-Galactic disc that was present at the time of the merger with Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage is currently radially concentrated up to around 14 kpc, while the blue sequence that has been associated with debris of the satellite extends beyond that; (iv) there are density structures in the outer disc, both above and below the plane, most probably related to Monoceros, the Anticentre Stream, and TriAnd, for which the Gaia data allow an exhaustive selection of candidate member stars and dynamical study; and (v) the open clusters Berkeley 29 and Saurer 1, despite being located at large distances from the Galactic centre, are on nearly circular disc-like orbits.
Conclusions. Even with our simple preliminary exploration of the Gaia EDR3, we demonstrate how, once again, these data from the European Space Agency are crucial for our understanding of the different pieces of our Galaxy and their connection to its global structure and history.
Key words: Galaxy: disk / Galaxy: halo / stars: distances / open clusters and associations: individual: Saurer 1 / open clusters and associations: individual: Berkeley 29 / Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics
Movie is available at https://www.aanda.org
© ESO 2021
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