Evolution of exploding granules from coordinated observations by THEMIS, IRIS, SDO/HMI, and HINODE, and a simulation

¹ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
e-mail: thierry.roudier@irap.omp.eu
² Observatoire de Paris, LESIA, 5 place Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
³ PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
⁴ THEMIS, INSU,CNRS,UPS 3718 IAC, Via Lactea, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵ Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA

Received: 9 April 2020
Accepted: 6 July 2020

Abstract

Exploding granules constitute the strongest horizontal flows on the quiet Sun and contribute to the structure of the surface horizontal velocity fields which build the large-scale organization of the discrete magnetic field. In this work we explore exploding granule expansion through the observations of the ground-based THEMIS telescope, IRIS, SDO, and the Hinode space-borne instruments, and finally with the magnetohydrodynamics simulation. We evaluate the detection and the expansion of exploding granules at several wavelengths and at various spatial and temporal resolutions. To analyze the different temporal sequences, two methods of image segmentation are applied to select the granules. The first allows us to follow individually the exploding granules observed simultaneously by THEMIS, IRIS, and SDO. The second uses long time independent sequences from THEMIS, IRIS, SDO, Hinode, and a simulation. In the first method (called manual) the segmentation isolates the cell of the granules (bright granules and intergranular parts), while in the second method (called statistical) only the bright part of the granules are isolated. The results obtained with simultaneous or distinct temporal observations using the two methods of segmentation are in good agreement. The granule area evolves linearly with an expansion velocity that decreases with the radius. A rapid decrease in the velocity expansion in the first two minutes is observed. The detection and measurement of the dynamics of the explosive granules can be performed from ground- and space-based instruments. Our work reveals the usefulness of SDO data, with low spatial resolution, to study the dynamics of the exploding granules all over the solar surface.