A new radio molecular line survey of planetary nebulae

HNC/HCN as a diagnostic of ultraviolet irradiation

¹ Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG) UMR 5274, 38041 Grenoble, France
² School of Physics & Astronomy, Center for Imaging Science, Laboratory for Multiwavelength Astrophysics, Rochester Institute of Technology, 54 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
e-mail: jtb1435@rit.edu
³ Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, Alfonso XII, 3, 28014 Madrid, Spain
⁴ Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

Received: 8 October 2018
Accepted: 7 April 2019

Abstract

Certain planetary nebulae (PNe) contain shells, filaments, or globules of cold gas and dust whose heating and chemistry are likely driven by UV and X-ray emission from their central stars and from wind-collision-generated shocks. We present the results of a survey of molecular line emission in the 88–236 GHz range from nine nearby (<1.5 kpc) planetary nebulae spanning a range of UV and X-ray luminosities, using the 30 m telescope of the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique. Rotational transitions of thirteen molecules, including CO isotopologues and chemically important trace species, were observed and the results compared with and augmented by previous studies of molecular gas in PNe. Lines of the molecules HCO⁺, HNC, HCN, and CN, which were detected in most objects, represent new detections for four planetary nebulae in our study. Specifically, we present the first detections of ¹³CO (1–0, 2–1), HCO⁺, CN, HCN, and HNC in NGC 6445; HCO⁺ in BD+30°3639; ¹³CO (2–1), CN, HCN, and HNC in NGC 6853; and ¹³CO (2–1) and CN in NGC 6772. Flux ratios were analyzed to identify correlations between the central star and/or nebular UV and X-ray luminosities and the molecular chemistries of the nebulae. This analysis reveals a surprisingly robust dependence of the HNC/HCN line ratio on PN central star UV luminosity. There exists no such clear correlation between PN X-rays and various diagnostics of PN molecular chemistry. The correlation between HNC/HCN ratio and central star UV luminosity demonstrates the potential of molecular emission line studies of PNe for improving our understanding of the role that high-energy radiation plays in the heating and chemistry of photodissociation regions.