Issue |
A&A
Volume 616, August 2018
Gaia Data Release 2
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A13 | |
Number of page(s) | 24 | |
Section | Catalogs and data | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832900 | |
Published online | 10 August 2018 |
Gaia Data Release 2
Observations of solar system objects
1
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4,
France
2
IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Lille, 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris,
France
3
INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO),
Italy
4
INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze,
Italy
5
University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki,
Finland
6
Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, Geodeetinrinne 2, 02430 Masala,
Finland
7
Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels,
Belgium
8
Institut UTINAM UMR6213, CNRS, OSUTHETA Franche-Comté Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon,
France
9
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA,
UK
10
CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
11
Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Box 848, S-981 28 Kiruna,
Sweden
12
European Space Astronomy Centre (ESA/ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
13
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB),Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona,
Spain
14
AKKA for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
15
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden,
The Netherlands
16
INAF - Osservatorio astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova,
Italy
17
Science Support Office, Directorate of Science, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk,
The Netherlands
18
GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon,
France
19
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble,
France
20
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K o¨nigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg,
Germany
21
Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, M o¨nchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
22
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin des Maillettes 51, 1290 Versoix,
Switzerland
23
Mission Operations Division, Operations Department, Directorate of Science, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk,
The Netherlands
24
Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden,
Germany
25
Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Box 43, 22100 Lund,
Sweden
26
Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels,
Belgium
27
F.R.S.-FNRS, Rue d’Egmont 5, 1000 Brussels,
Belgium
28
Telespazio Vega UK Ltd for ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
29
Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac,
France
30
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT,
UK
31
INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna,
Italy
32
Serco Gestión de Negocios for ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
33
ALTEC S.p.A, Corso Marche, 79, 10146 Torino,
Italy
34
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix,
Switzerland
35
Gaia DPAC Project Office, ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
36
SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l?Observatoire 75014 Paris,
France
37
National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa and Vas. Pavlou, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens,
Greece
38
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ,
UK
39
Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven,
Belgium
40
Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, B-4000 Liège,
Belgium
41
ATG Europe for ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
42
Área de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1. 41013, Sevilla,
Spain
43
ETSE Telecomunicación, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Galicia,
Spain
44
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719,
USA
45
Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7550, 11 rue de l’Université, 67000 Strasbourg,
France
46
Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambride CB3 0HA,
UK
47
Aurora Technology for ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
48
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC72, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05,
France
49
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Astronomy and Space Physics, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala,
Sweden
50
CENTRA, Universidade de Lisboa, FCUL, Campo Grande, Edif. C8, 1749-016 Lisboa,
Portugal
51
Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Sezione Astrofisica, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania,
Italy
52
INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania,
Italy
53
University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Türkenschanzstraße 17, A1180 Vienna,
Austria
54
CITIC – Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, Campus de Elviña s/n, 15071, A Coruña,
Spain
55
CITIC – Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of A Coruña, Campus de Elviña s/n, 15071, A Coruña,
Spain
56
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma),
Italy
57
Space Science Data Center - ASI, Via del Politecnico SNC, 00133 Roma,
Italy
58
Isdefe for ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
59
STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QX,
UK
60
Dpto. de Inteligencia Artificial, UNED, c/ Juan del Rosal 16, 28040 Madrid,
Spain
61
Elecnor Deimos Space for ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
62
Thales Services for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
63
Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, P.O.Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,
The Netherlands
64
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching,
Germany
65
ON/MCTI-BR, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20921-400, RJ,
Brazil
66
OV/UFRJ-BR, Ladeira Pedro Antônio 43, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20080-090, RJ,
Brazil
67
Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015-1305,
USA
68
Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino,
Italy
69
Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), ESA-ESAC. Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n. 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid,
Spain
70
Leicester Institute of Space and Earth Observation and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH,
UK
71
Departamento de Estadística, Universidad de Cádiz, Calle República Árabe Saharawi s/n. 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz,
Spain
72
Astronomical Institute Bern University, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern,
Switzerland (present address)
73
EURIX SRL, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 61, 10128, Torino,
Italy
74
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138,
USA
75
HE Space Operations BV for ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
76
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen,
The Netherlands
77
SISSA - Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste,
Italy
78
University of Turin, Department of Computer Sciences, Corso Svizzera 185, 10149 Torino,
Italy
79
SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584CA, Utrecht,
The Netherlands
80
Dpto. de Matemática Aplicada y Ciencias de la Computación, Univ. de Cantabria, ETS Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander,
Spain
81
Unidad de Astronomía, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta 1270300,
Chile
82
CRAAG - Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Route de l’Observatoire Bp 63 Bouzareah 16340 Algiers,
Algeria
83
University of Antwerp, Onderzoeksgroep Toegepaste Wiskunde, Middelheimlaan 1, 2020 Antwerp,
Belgium
84
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Via Mentore Maggini, 64100 Teramo,
Italy
85
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofìsica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, Cidade Universitaria, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP,
Brazil
86
Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, 15783 Athens,
Greece
87
Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam,
Germany
88
RHEA for ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
89
ATOS for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
90
School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801,
Israel
91
UNINOVA - CTS, Campus FCT-UNL, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica,
Portugal
92
School of Physics, O’Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4,
Ireland
93
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna,
Italy
94
Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, c/ Jordi Girona 29, Ed. Nexus II, 08034 Barcelona,
Spain
95
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, High Energy Group, Gießenbachstraße, 85741 Garching,
Germany
96
Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286 Poznań,
Poland
97
Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest,
Hungary
98
E o¨tv o¨s Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, H-1053 Budapest,
Hungary
99
American Community Schools of Athens, 129 Aghias Paraskevis Ave. & Kazantzaki Street, Halandri, 15234 Athens,
Greece
100
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana,
Slovenia
101
Villanova University, Department of Astrophysics and Planetary Science, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085,
USA
102
Physics Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp,
Belgium
103
McWilliams Center for Cosmology, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,
USA
104
Astronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Fričova 298, 25165 Ondřejov,
Czech Republic
105
Telespazio for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
106
Institut de Physique de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes,
France
107
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131, Napoli,
Italy
108
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Rd, 200030 Shanghai,
China
109
School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,
China
110
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen Ø,
Denmark
111
DXC Technology, Retortvej 8, 2500 Valby,
Denmark
112
Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117,
USA
113
Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF,
UK
114
Baja Observatory of University of Szeged, Szegedi út III/70, 6500 Baja,
Hungary
115
Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique - CEA/DSM - CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Bât 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
116
Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa,
Poland
117
Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague,
Czech Republic
118
Vitrociset Belgium for ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
119
HE Space Operations BV for ESA/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk,
The Netherlands
120
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218,
USA
121
QUASAR Science Resources for ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
122
Fork Research, Rua do Cruzado Osberno, Lt. 1, 9 esq., Lisboa,
Portugal
123
APAVE SUDEUROPE SAS for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9,
France
124
Nordic Optical Telescope, Rambla José Ana Fernández Pérez 7, 38711 Breña Baja,
Spain
125
Spanish Virtual Observatory,
Spain
126
Fundación Galileo Galilei - INAF, Rambla José Ana Fernández Pérez 7, 38712 Breña Baja, Santa Cruz de Tenerife,
Spain
127
INSA for ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid,
Spain
128
Dpto. Arquitectura de Computadores y Automática, Facultad de Informática, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ Prof. José García Santesmases s/n, 28040 Madrid,
Spain
129
H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL,
UK
130
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Gran Capita 2-4, 08034 Barcelona,
Spain
131
Applied Physics Department, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo,
Spain
132
Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Aarhus University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 120 Ny Munkegade, Building 1520, 8000 Aarhus C,
Denmark
133
Argelander-Institut f ur¨ Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn,
Germany
134
Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2611
Australia
135
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6 et CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd. Arago, 75014 Paris,
France
136
Department of Geosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801,
Israel
Received:
24
February
2018
Accepted:
10
April
2018
Context. The Gaia spacecraft of the European Space Agency (ESA) has been securing observations of solar system objects (SSOs) since the beginning of its operations. Data Release 2 (DR2) contains the observations of a selected sample of 14,099 SSOs. These asteroids have been already identified and have been numbered by the Minor Planet Center repository. Positions are provided for each Gaia observation at CCD level. As additional information, complementary to astrometry, the apparent brightness of SSOs in the unfiltered G band is also provided for selected observations.
Aims. We explain the processing of SSO data, and describe the criteria we used to select the sample published in Gaia DR2. We then explore the data set to assess its quality.
Methods. To exploit the main data product for the solar system in Gaia DR2, which is the epoch astrometry of asteroids, it is necessary to take into account the unusual properties of the uncertainty, as the position information is nearly one-dimensional. When this aspect is handled appropriately, an orbit fit can be obtained with post-fit residuals that are overall consistent with the a-priori error model that was used to define individual values of the astrometric uncertainty. The role of both random and systematic errors is described. The distribution of residuals allowed us to identify possible contaminants in the data set (such as stars). Photometry in the G band was compared to computed values from reference asteroid shapes and to the flux registered at the corresponding epochs by the red and blue photometers (RP and BP).
Results. The overall astrometric performance is close to the expectations, with an optimal range of brightness G ~ 12 − 17. In this range, the typical transit-level accuracy is well below 1 mas. For fainter asteroids, the growing photon noise deteriorates the performance. Asteroids brighter than G ~ 12 are affected by a lower performance of the processing of their signals. The dramatic improvement brought by Gaia DR2 astrometry of SSOs is demonstrated by comparisons to the archive data and by preliminary tests on the detection of subtle non-gravitational effects.
Key words: astrometry / minor planets, asteroids: general / methods: data analysis / space vehicles: instruments
© ESO 2018
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0;), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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