Solving the conundrum of intervening strong Mg II absorbers towards gamma-ray bursts and quasars^⋆

¹ Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
e-mail: lise@dark-cosmology.dk
² GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
³ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Paris 6-CNRS, UMR7095, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁴ Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
⁵ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 1A1, Canada
⁶ Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
⁷ Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, 1058 Santiago, Italy
⁸ INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
⁹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
¹⁰ INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate (LC), Italy
¹¹ INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via Frascati 33, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
¹² ASI-Science Data Centre, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
¹³ APC, Univ. Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Obs. de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
¹⁴ Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
¹⁵ Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
¹⁶ Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
¹⁷ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
¹⁸ INAF, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
¹⁹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
²⁰ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
²¹ Dept. of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

Received: 15 June 2017
Accepted: 1 September 2017

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that the incidence rate of intervening strong Mg ii absorbers towards gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) were a factor of 2–4 higher than towards quasars. Exploring the similar sized and uniformly selected legacy data sets XQ-100 and XSGRB, each consisting of 100 quasar and 81 GRB afterglow spectra obtained with a single instrument (VLT/X-shooter), we demonstrate that there is no disagreement in the number density of strong Mg ii absorbers with rest-frame equivalent widths ${\mathit{W}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathit{\lambda }\mathrm{2796}}\mathit{>}\mathrm{1}$ Å towardsGRBs and quasars in the redshift range 0.1 ≲ z ≲ 5. With large and similar sample sizes, and path length coverages of Δz = 57.8 and 254.4 for GRBs and quasars, respectively, the incidences of intervening absorbers are consistent within 1σ uncertainty levels at all redshifts. For absorbers at z < 2.3, the incidence towards GRBs is a factor of 1.5 ± 0.4 higher than the expected number of strong Mg ii absorbers in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) quasar spectra, while for quasar absorbers observed with X-shooter we find an excess factor of 1.4 ± 0.2 relative to SDSS quasars. Conversely, the incidence rates agree at all redshifts with reported high-spectral-resolution quasar data, and no excess is found. The only remaining discrepancy in incidences is between SDSS Mg ii catalogues and high-spectral-resolution studies. The rest-frame equivalent-width distribution also agrees to within 1σ uncertainty levels between the GRB and quasar samples. Intervening strong Mg ii absorbers towards GRBs are therefore neither unusually frequent, nor unusually strong.