ALMA observations of the nearby AGB star L₂ Puppis

I. Mass of the central star and detection of a candidate planet

¹ Unidad Mixta Internacional Franco-Chilena de Astronomía (CNRS UMI 3386), Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile .
e-mail: pkervell@das.uchile.cl
² LESIA (UMR 8109), Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC, Univ. Paris-Diderot, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France .
e-mail: pierre.kervella@obspm.fr
³ Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D B2401, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
⁴ JBCA, Department Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁵ Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin d’ Hères, France
⁶ Universidad Católica del Norte, Instituto de Astronomía, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1280 Casilla, Antofagasta, Chile

Received: 11 October 2016
Accepted: 27 October 2016

Abstract

Six billion years from now, while evolving on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB), the Sun will metamorphose from a red giant into a beautiful planetary nebula. This spectacular evolution will impact the solar system planets, but observational confirmations of the predictions of evolution models are still elusive as no planet orbiting an AGB star has yet been discovered. The nearby AGB red giant L₂ Puppis (d = 64 pc) is surrounded by an almost edge-on circumstellar dust disk. We report new observations with ALMA at very high angular resolution (18 × 15 mas) in band 7 (ν ≈ 350 GHz) that allow us to resolve the velocity profile of the molecular disk. We establish that the gas velocity profile is Keplerian within the central cavity of the dust disk, allowing us to derive the mass of the central star L₂ Pup A, m_A = 0.659 ± 0.011 ± 0.041 M_⊙ (± 6.6%). From evolutionary models, we determine that L₂ Pup A had a near-solar main-sequence mass, and is therefore a close analog of the future Sun in 5 to 6 Gyr. The continuum map reveals a secondary source (B) at a radius of 2 AU contributing f_B/f_A = 1.3 ± 0.1% of the flux of the AGB star. L₂ Pup B is also detected in CO emission lines at a radial velocity of v_B = 12.2 ± 1.0 km s^-1. The close coincidence of the center of rotation of the gaseous disk with the position of the continuum emission from the AGB star allows us to constrain the mass of the companion to m_B = 12 ± 16 M_Jup. L₂ Pup B is most likely a planet or low-mass brown dwarf with an orbital period of about five years. Its continuum brightness and molecular emission suggest that it may be surrounded by an extended molecular atmosphere or an accretion disk. L₂ Pup therefore emerges as a promising vantage point on the distant future of our solar system.