Planck 2015 results

XXI. The integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory and Dept of Radio Science and Engineering, PO Box 13000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6−8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, 7945 Cape Town, South Africa
⁴ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁵ Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
⁶ Aix Marseille Université, Centre de Physique Théorique, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
⁷ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁸ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁹ Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355, Santiago, Chile
¹⁰ CGEE, SCS Qd 9, Lote C, Torre C, 4° andar, Ed. Parque Cidade Corporate, CEP 70308-200, Brasília, DF, Brazil
¹¹ CITA, Universityof Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
¹² CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹³ CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
¹⁴ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, CA 91125, USA
¹⁵ Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
¹⁶ Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan, 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
¹⁷ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, CA 94720, USA
¹⁸ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
¹⁹ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
²⁰ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
²¹ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24, Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
²² Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
²³ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
²⁴ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
²⁵ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²⁶ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
²⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
²⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
²⁹ Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
³⁰ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
³¹ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
³² Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
³³ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
³⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
³⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
³⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, 00133 Roma, Italy
³⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
³⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
³⁹ Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁴⁰ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁴¹ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁴² European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile
⁴³ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁴⁴ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴⁵ Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’ Aquila, Italy
⁴⁶ HGSFP and University of Heidelberg, Theoretical Physics Department, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁴⁷ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁸ INAF−Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁴⁹ INAF−Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁵⁰ INAF−Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34127 Trieste, Italy
⁵¹ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁵² INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵³ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁴ INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁵⁵ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵⁶ INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵⁷ INFN/National Institute for Nuclear Physics, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
⁵⁸ IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG; CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁵⁹ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
⁶⁰ Imperial CollegeLondon, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
⁶¹ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁶² Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁶³ Institut Universitaire de France, 103, bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁶⁴ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
⁶⁵ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France
⁶⁶ Institut für Theoretische Teilchenphysik und Kosmologie, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
⁶⁷ Institute for Space Sciences, Bucharest-Magurale, Romania
⁶⁸ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁶⁹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
⁷⁰ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁷¹ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
⁷² Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁷³ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁷⁴ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
⁷⁵ Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
⁷⁶ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
⁷⁷ Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia
⁷⁸ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, 91898 Orsay, France
⁷⁹ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
⁸⁰ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique−CEA/DSM−CNRS−Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁸¹ Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁸² Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁸³ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁸⁴ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁸⁵ Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., 117997 Moscow, GSP-7, Russia
⁸⁶ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁸⁷ McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada
⁸⁸ National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
⁸⁹ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
⁹⁰ Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁹¹ Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁹² Nordita (Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics), Roslagstullsbacken 23, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
⁹³ Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
⁹⁴ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁹⁵ SMARTEST Research Centre, Università degli Studi e-Campus, via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate (CO), Italy
⁹⁶ School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁹⁷ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
⁹⁸ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
⁹⁹ Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
¹⁰⁰ Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str, 84/32, 117997 Moscow, Russia
¹⁰¹ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, CA 94720, USA
¹⁰² Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
¹⁰³ Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
¹⁰⁴ Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
¹⁰⁵ The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
¹⁰⁶ Theory Division, PH-TH,CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
¹⁰⁷ UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
¹⁰⁸ Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁰⁹ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹¹⁰ Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, MS 232-11, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
¹¹¹ University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Spain
¹¹² University of Granada, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, 18071 Granada, Spain
¹¹³ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

^⋆ Corresponding author: P. Vielva, e-mail: vielva@ifca.unican.es

Received: 6 February 2015
Accepted: 21 May 2016

Abstract

This paper presents a study of the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect from the Planck 2015 temperature and polarization data release. This secondary cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy caused by the large-scale time-evolving gravitational potential is probed from different perspectives. The CMB is cross-correlated with different large-scale structure (LSS) tracers: radio sources from the NVSS catalogue; galaxies from the optical SDSS and the infrared WISE surveys; and the Planck 2015 convergence lensing map. The joint cross-correlation of the CMB with the tracers yields a detection at 4σ where most of the signal-to-noise is due to the Planck lensing and the NVSS radio catalogue. In fact, the ISW effect is detected from the Planck data only at ≈3σ (through the ISW-lensing bispectrum), which is similar to the detection level achieved by combining the cross-correlation signal coming from all the galaxy catalogues mentioned above. We study the ability of the ISW effect to place constraints on the dark-energy parameters; in particular, we show that Ω_Λ is detected at more than 3σ. This cross-correlation analysis is performed only with the Planck temperature data, since the polarization scales available in the 2015 release do not permit significant improvement of the CMB-LSS cross-correlation detectability. Nevertheless, the Planck polarization data are used to study the anomalously large ISW signal previously reported through the aperture photometry on stacked CMB features at the locations of known superclusters and supervoids, which is in conflict with ΛCDM expectations. We find that the current Planck polarization data do not exclude that this signal could be caused by the ISW effect. In addition, the stacking of the Planck lensing map on the locations of superstructures exhibits a positive cross-correlation with these large-scale structures. Finally, we have improved our previous reconstruction of the ISW temperature fluctuations by combining the information encoded in all the previously mentioned LSS tracers. In particular, we construct a map of the ISW secondary anisotropies and the corresponding uncertainties map, obtained from simulations. We also explore the reconstruction of the ISW anisotropies caused by the large-scale structure traced by the 2MASS Photometric Redshift Survey (2MPZ) by directly inverting the density field into the gravitational potential field.