Producing Type Iax supernovae from a specific class of helium-ignited WD explosions

¹ Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, PR China
e-mail: wangbo@ynao.ac.cn; zhanwenhan@ynao.ac.cn
² Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, PR China
³ National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100012 Beijing, PR China
e-mail: sjustham@bao.ac.cn

Received: 17 July 2013
Accepted: 8 October 2013

Abstract

Context. It has recently been proposed that one subclass of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is sufficiently distinct and sufficiently common to be classified separately from the bulk of SNe Ia; the suggested class name is Type Iax supernovae (SNe Iax), after SN 2002cx. However, their progenitors are still uncertain.

Aims. We study whether the population properties of this class might be understood if the events originate from a subset of sub-Chandrasekhar mass explosions. In this potential progenitor population, a carbon–oxygen white dwarf (CO WD) accumulates a helium layer from a non-degenerate helium star; ignition of that helium layer then leads to ignition of the CO WD.

Methods. We incorporated detailed binary evolution calculations for the progenitor systems into a binary population synthesis model to obtain rates and delay times for these events.

Results. The predicted Galactic event rate of these explosions is ~1.5 × 10^-3 yr^-1 according to our standard model, in good agreement with the measured rates of SNe Iax. In addition, predicted delay times are ~70 Myr−800 Myr, consistent with the fact that most of SNe Iax have been discovered in late-type galaxies. If the explosions are assumed to be double detonations – following current model expectations – then, based on the CO WD masses at explosion, we also estimate the distribution of resulting SN brightness (−13 ≳ M_bol ≳  − 19 mag), which can reproduce the empirical diversity of SNe Iax.

Conclusions. We speculate on why binaries with non-degenerate donor stars might lead to SNe Iax if similar systems with degenerate donors do not. We suggest that the high mass of the helium layer necessary for ignition at the lower accretion rates typically delivered from non-degenerate donors might be necessary to produce SN 2002cx-like characteristics, perhaps even by changing the nature of the CO ignition.