A four-year XMM-Newton/Chandra monitoring campaign of the Galactic centre: analysing the X-ray transients^⋆

¹ University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
² University of Michigan, Department of Astronomy, 500 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
e-mail: degenaar@umich.edu
³ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁴ Center for Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
⁵ SRON National Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
⁶ ISOC, ESA/ESAC, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, PO Box 50727, 28080 Madrid, Spain
⁷ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK

Received: 24 April 2012
Accepted: 8 June 2012

Abstract

We report on the results of a four-year long X-ray monitoring campaign of the central 1.2 square degrees of our Galaxy, performed with Chandra and XMM-Newton between 2005 and 2008. Our study focuses on the properties of transient X-ray sources that reach 2–10 keV luminosities of L_X ≳ 10³⁴ erg s^-1 for an assumed distance of 8 kpc. There are 17 known X-ray transients within the field of view of our campaign, eight of which were detected in outburst during our observations: the transient neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries GRS 1741–2853, AX J1745.6–2901, SAX J1747.0–2853, KS 1741–293 (all four are also known X-ray bursters), and GRO J1744–28 (a 2.1 Hz X-ray pulsar), and the unclassified X-ray transients XMM J174457–2850.3, CXOGC J174535.5–290124 and CXOGC J174541.0–290014. We present their X-ray spectra and flux evolution during our campaign, and discuss our results in light of their historic activity. Our main results include the detection of two thermonuclear X-ray bursts from SAX J1747.0–2853 that were separated by an unusually short time interval of 3.8 min. Investigation of the lightcurves of AX J1745.6–2901 revealed one thermonuclear X-ray burst and a ~1600-s long X-ray eclipse. We found that both XMM J174457–2850.3 and GRO J1744–28 displayed weak X-ray activity above their quiescent levels at L_X ~ 10³³⁻³⁴ erg s^-1, which is indicative of low-level accretion. We compare this kind of activity with the behaviour of low-luminosity X-ray transients that display 2–10 keV peak luminosities of L_X ~ 10³⁴ erg s^-1 and have never been seen to become brighter. In addition to the eight known X-ray transients, we discovered a previously unknown X-ray source that we designate XMMU J174654.1–291542. This object emits most of its photons above 2 keV and appears to be persistent at a luminosity of L_X ~ 10³⁴ erg s^-1, although it exhibits strong spectral variability on a time scale of months. Based on its X-ray properties and the possible association with an infrared source, we tentatively classify this object as a cataclysmic variable. No new transients were found during our campaign, reinforcing the conclusion of previous authors that most X-ray transients recurring on a time scale of less than a decade have now been identified near the Galactic centre.