Issue |
A&A
Volume 510, February 2010
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A20 | |
Number of page(s) | 14 | |
Section | Astronomical instrumentation | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200913108 | |
Published online | 02 February 2010 |
Optimization of cw sodium laser guide star efficiency
1
Laser Systems Department, European Southern Observatory
(ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany,
e-mail: [rholzloe;dbonacci;whackenb]@eso.org
2
University of California Berkeley, Department of Physics,
Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, USA e-mail: [simonr;budker]@berkeley.edu
3
Bucknell University, Department of Physics, 701 Moore Avenue,
Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA e-mail: james.higbie@bucknell.edu
Received:
12
August
2009
Accepted:
1
October
2009
Context. Sodium laser guide stars (LGS) are about to enter a new range of laser powers. Previous theoretical and numerical methods are inadequate for accurate computations of the return flux, hence for the design of the next-generation LGS systems.
Aims. We numerically optimize the cw (continuous wave) laser format, in particular, the light polarization and spectrum.
Methods. Using Bloch equations, we simulate the mesospheric sodium atoms, including Doppler broadening, saturation, collisional relaxation, Larmor precession, and recoil, taking all 24 sodium hyperfine states into account and 100–300 velocity groups.
Results. LGS return flux is limited by ”three evils”: Larmor precession due to the geomagnetic field, atomic recoil due to radiation pressure, and transition saturation. We study their impact and show that the return flux can be boosted by repumping (simultaneous excitation of the sodium D2a and D2b lines with 10-20% of the laser power in the latter).
Conclusions. We strongly recommend the use of circularly polarized lasers and repumping. As a rule of thumb, the bandwidth of laser radiation in MHz (at each line) should approximately equal the launched laser power in Watts divided by six, assuming a diffraction-limited spot size.
Key words: instrumentation: adaptive optics / methods: numerical / atmospheric effects / telescopes
© ESO, 2010
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