PKS 0537-286, carrying the information of the environment of SMBHs in the early Universe

¹ Max-Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse, 85741 Garching, Germany e-mail: eub@mpe.mpg.de
² Stanford Linear Accelerator Center/KIPAC, 2572 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 91125, USA
³ Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
⁴ ESO, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
⁵ Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁶ Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy
⁷ Universe Cluster, Technische Universität München, Bolzamannstrasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany

Received: 7 September 2009
Accepted: 25 September 2009

Abstract

Context. The high-redshift (z = 3.1) blazar PKS 0537-286, belonging to the flat spectrum radio quasar blazar subclass, is one of the most luminous active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the Universe. Blazars are very suitable candidates for multiwavelength observations. Indeed, the relativistic beaming effect at work within the jet enhances their luminosity. This in turn allows the properties of the extragalactic jets, the powering central engine, and the surrounding environment to be derived.

Aims. Our aim is to present the results of a multifrequency campaign from the near-IR to hard X-ray energies on PKS 0537-286 and give insight into the physical environment where the radiation processes take place.

Methods. We observed the source at different epochs from 2006 to 2008 with INTEGRAL and Swift, and nearly simultaneously with ground-based optical telescopes. We also analyzed two archival spectra taken with XMM-Newton in 1999 and 2005. A comparative analysis of the results is performed.

Results. The X-ray continuum of the blazar, as sampled by XMM, is described by a power law of index , modified by variable absorption at the soft X-rays, as found in other high-redshift QSOs. Modest X-ray continuum variability is found in the Swift observations. The combined Swift/BAT and Swift/XRT spectrum is very hard (). This, together with the non simultaneous EGRET detection and the more recent non detection by Fermi-LAT, constrains the peak of the high-energy component robustly. The optical/UV data, heavily affected by intervening Ly α absorption, indicate the presence of a bright thermal accretion disk that decreased in luminosity between 2006 and 2008. We infer from this a reduction of the BLR radius. When taking this into account, the 2006 and 2008 SEDs are compatible with a model based on synchrotron radiation and external inverse Compton scattering where the accretion-disk luminosity decreases between the 2 epochs by a factor 2, while the bulk Lorentz factor remains unchanged and the magnetic field changed only marginally.