Issue |
A&A
Volume 497, Number 1, April I 2009
|
|
---|---|---|
Page(s) | 155 - 166 | |
Section | Interstellar and circumstellar matter | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200811470 | |
Published online | 24 February 2009 |
Radiative transfer in very optically thick circumstellar disks
1
Astronomical institute Anton Pannekoek, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 403, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: mmin@science.uva.nl
2
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie Heidelberg, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
3
Astronomical institute Utrecht, University of Utrecht, PO Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
Received:
4
December
2008
Accepted:
3
February
2009
Aims. In this paper we present two efficient implementations of the diffusion approximation to be employed in Monte Carlo computations of radiative transfer in dusty media of massive circumstellar disks. The aim is to improve the accuracy of the computed temperature structure and to decrease the computation time. The accuracy, efficiency, and applicability of the methods in various corners of parameter space are investigated. The effects of using these methods on the vertical structure of the circumstellar disk as obtained from hydrostatic equilibrium computations are also addressed.
Methods. Two methods are presented. First, an energy diffusion approximation is used to improve the accuracy of the temperature structure in highly obscured regions of the disk, where photon counts are low. Second, a modified random walk approximation is employed to decrease the computation time. This modified random walk ensures that the photons that end up in the high-density regions can quickly escape to the lower density regions, while the energy deposited by these photons in the disk is still computed accurately. A new radiative transfer code, MCMax, is presented in which both these diffusion approximations are implemented. These can be used simultaneously to increase both computational speed and decrease statistical noise.
Results. We conclude that the diffusion approximations allow for fast and accurate computations of the temperature structure, vertical disk structure and observables of very optically thick circumstellar disks.
Key words: radiative transfer / diffusion / stars: circumstellar matter
© ESO, 2009
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