The K20 survey^*

VI. The distribution of the stellar masses in galaxies up to

¹ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via Frascati 33, Monteporzio, 00040, Italy e-mail: fontana@mporzio.astro.it
² INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, via Ranzani 1, 40127, Bologna, Italy
³ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748, Garching, Germany
⁴ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
⁵ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, Merate, Italy
⁶ Racah Institute for Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34131, Trieste, Italy

Received: 4 November 2003
Accepted: 20 April 2004

Abstract

We present a detailed analysis of the stellar mass content of galaxies up to as obtained from the K20 spectrophotometric galaxy sample. We have applied and compared two different methods to estimate the stellar mass from broad-band photometry: a Maximal Age approach, where we maximize the age of the stellar population to obtain the maximal mass compatible with the observed color, and a Best Fit model, where the best-fitting spectrum to the complete multicolor distribution is used. We find that the  ratio decreases with redshift: in particular, the average  ratio of early type galaxies decreases with z, with a scatter that is indicative of a range of star-formation time-scales and redshift of formation. More important, the typical   ratio of massive early type galaxies is larger than that of less massive ones, suggesting that their stellar population formed at higher z. We show that the final K20 galaxy sample spans a range of stellar masses from to : massive galaxies () are common at , and are detected also up to . We compute the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function at various z, of which we observe only a mild evolution (i.e. by 20–30%) up to . At , the evolution in the normalization of the GSMF appears to be much faster: at , about 35% of the present day stellar mass in objects with appear to have assembled. We also detect a change in the physical nature of the most massive galaxies: at , all galaxies with are early type, while at higher z a population of massive star-forming galaxies progressively appears. We finally analyze our results in the framework of Λ-CDM hierarchical models. First, we show that the large number of massive galaxies detected at high z does not violate any fundamental Λ-CDM constraint based on the number of massive DM halos. Then, we compare our results with the predictions of several renditions of both semianalytic as well as hydro-dynamical models. The predictions from these models range from severe underestimates to slight overestimates of the observed mass density at ≤2. We discuss how the differences among these models are due to the different implementation of the main physical processes.