Carbon budget and carbon chemistry in Photon Dominated Regions^*

¹ Space Research Organization Netherlands, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands, under an ESA external fellowship
² Laboratoire d'Étude du Rayonnement et de la Matière, UMR 8112, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure et Observatoire de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
³ Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 St Martin d'Hères, France
⁴ Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
⁵ LUTH, UMR8102 du CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, Place J. Janssen, 92195 Meudon Cedex, France

Corresponding author: D. Teyssier, teyssier@sron.rug.nl

Received: 17 October 2003
Accepted: 9 December 2003

Abstract

We present a study of small carbon chains and rings in Photon Dominated Regions (PDRs) performed at millimetre wavelengths. Our sample consists of the Horsehead nebula (B33), the ρ  Oph L1688 cloud interface, and the cometary-shaped cloud IC 63. Using the IRAM 30-m telescope, the SEST and the Effelsberg 100-m telescope, we mapped the emission of C₂H, c-C₃H₂ and C₄H, and searched for heavy hydrocarbons such as c-C₃H, l-C₃H, l-C₃H₂, l-C₄H₂ and C₆H. The large scale maps show that small hydrocarbons are present until the edge of all PDRs, which is surprising as they are expected to be easily destroyed by UV radiation. Their spatial distribution reasonably agrees with the aromatic emission mapped in mid-IR wavelength bands. C₂H and c-C₃H₂ correlate remarkably well, a trend already reported in the diffuse ISM (Lucas & Liszt [CITE]). Their abundances relative to H₂ are relatively high and comparable to the ones derived in dark clouds such as L134N or TMC-1, known as efficient carbon factories. The heavier species are however only detected in the Horsehead nebula at a position coincident with the aromatic emission peak around 7 μm. In particular, we report the first detection of C₆H in a PDR. We have run steady-state PDR models using several gas-phase chemical networks (UMIST95 and the New Standard Model) and conclude that both networks fail in reproducing the high abundances of some of these hydrocarbons by an order of magnitude. The high abundance of hydrocarbons in the PDR may suggest that the photo-erosion of UV-irradiated large carbonaceous compounds could efficiently feed the ISM with small carbon clusters or molecules. This new production mechanism of carbon chains and rings could overcome their destruction by the UV radiation field. Dedicated theoretical and laboratory measurements are required to understand and implement these additional chemical routes.