Schematic summary of impact-dependent metal-silicate equilibration regimes during planetary accretion. (A) Early phase impacts: During the gas disk phase (t ≤ 5 Myr), embryos are assumed to be fully molten, and metal-silicate equilibration occurs within a global magma ocean at pressure P_T . (B) Late phase, small impacts: After gas disk dispersal (t > 5 Myr), small impacts (planetesimals) do not generate large-scale melting; equilibration occurs during metal descent through the mantle at pressure P₂. (C) Late phase, large impacts: Giant impacts (embryos) produce a localized melt pool that evolves into a global magma ocean; equilibration of the giant impactor core occurs at the melt-pool base (P₃), whereas small impacts (planetesimals) accreted during the magma-ocean lifetime equilibrate within the molten mantle at pressure P₄.