Open Access
Table 3
Average total cost per run in US dollars by LLM model and query generation method.
| LLM (query generation method) | Total | Schema | Difficulty | Decomp | SQL | Self-correction | Ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Claude Opus 4.6 (Step-by-step) | 2.87 | 0.23 | 0.43 | 1.07 | 1.05 | 0.09 | 2.41 |
| Claude Opus 4.6 (Direct) | 1.55 | 0.23 | - | - | 1.19 | 0.13 | 1.30 |
| GPT-5.2-Codex (Step-by-step) | 1.20 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.10 | 1.01 |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro (Step-by-step) | 1.19 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.06 | 1.00 |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro (Direct) | 0.85 | 0.43 | - | - | 0.34 | 0.08 | 0.72 |
| GPT-5.2-Codex (Direct) | 0.82 | 0.15 | - | - | 0.56 | 0.11 | 0.69 |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 (Step-by-step) | 0.71 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.60 |
| GPT-5.3-Codex (Step-by-step) | 0.61 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.51 |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 (Direct) | 0.39 | 0.14 | - | - | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.33 |
| GPT-5.3-Codex (Direct) | 0.34 | 0.07 | - | - | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.28 |
| Gemini 3 Flash (Direct) | 0.30 | 0.08 | - | - | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.25 |
| Gemini 3 Flash (Step-by-step) | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.23 |
Notes. Values are aggregated over all queries from the test set and averaged over 10 runs. The cost is split into each stage of the query. The ratio compares the total cost against Gemini 2.5 Pro (sbs).
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