Open Access
Table E.1
Total and stagewise maximum per-query token counts by LLM model and query generation method.
| Model | Direct | Step-by-Step | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Schema | Difficulty | Plan | SQL | Self-Correction | Total | Schema | Difficulty | Plan | SQL | Self-Correction | |
| GPT-5.2 | 42 671 | 802 | 0 | 0 | 15363 | 28877 | 19 357 | 802 | 4 328 | 8 554 | 7 991 | 5 303 |
| GPT-5.3-Codex | 39 907 | 801 | 0 | 0 | 12 261 | 27 044 | 22 978 | 801 | 4 263 | 7 039 | 6 574 | 6 712 |
| GPT-5.2-Codex | 22 106 | 1 539 | 0 | 0 | 13 740 | 9 029 | 35 236 | 1 539 | 5 085 | 12 228 | 10 697 | 9 252 |
| GPT-5 | 26 655 | 3 919 | 0 | 0 | 13 312 | 11 232 | 58 071 | 3 919 | 6 609 | 20 935 | 16 627 | 17 157 |
| Claude Opus 4.6 | 8 193 | 1 122 | 0 | 0 | 4 716 | 4 135 | 13 439 | 1 122 | 3 648 | 5 524 | 4 415 | 8 098 |
| GPT-4.1 | 20 738 | 795 | 0 | 0 | 8 659 | 11 351 | 20 279 | 951 | 4 201 | 7 557 | 6 878 | 5 160 |
| Claude Sonnet 3.7 | 11 303 | 2 091 | 0 | 0 | 1 211 | 8 138 | 8 243 | 2 091 | 1 190 | 1 162 | 1 153 | 4 543 |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro | 20 741 | 7 936 | 0 | 0 | 6 826 | 6 579 | 34 344 | 7 936 | 4 606 | 8 128 | 7 499 | 6 795 |
| GPT-4o | 9 509 | 795 | 0 | 0 | 6 632 | 4 127 | 18 677 | 795 | 4 809 | 7 622 | 4 647 | 5 010 |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 | 5 737 | 1 729 | 0 | 0 | 947 | 3 692 | 12 701 | 1 729 | 1 194 | 2 088 | 1 101 | 7 872 |
| Gemini 3 Flash | 8 557 | 1 924 | 0 | 0 | 6 084 | 3 437 | 18 789 | 1 924 | 4 486 | 7 458 | 6 696 | 6 595 |
| Gemini 3.1 Flash | 8 206 | 913 | 0 | 0 | 7 067 | 3 397 | 27 134 | 913 | 5 144 | 7 835 | 7 982 | 5 349 |
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