Background dynamics and observational constraints of spatially flat and non-flat Λ(t)CDM models from H(z) and DESI DR2 BAO measurements

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Table 2.

Posterior constraints on the model parameters.

Model	Data	H₀^a	Ω_m0	Ω_k0	α
Flat Λ(t)CDM	H(z)	67.91 ± 1.62	$0 . 312_{- 0.031}^{+ 0.024}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.312^{+0.024}_{-0.031} $$	−	$- 0 . 035_{- 0.071}^{+ 0.093}$ $Mathematical equation: $ -0.035^{+0.093}_{-0.071} $$
	H(z)+BAO	67.87 ± 0.91	$0 . 344_{- 0.035}^{+ 0.040}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.344^{+0.040}_{-0.035} $$	−	−0.127 ± 0.097

Non-flat Λ(t)CDM	H(z)	$61 . 08_{- 6.38}^{+ 9.60}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 61.08^{+9.60}_{-6.38} $$	$0 . 214_{- 0.173}^{+ 0.237}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.214^{+0.237}_{-0.173} $$	$0 . 236_{- 0.274}^{+ 0.253}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.236^{+0.253}_{-0.274} $$	$0 . 475_{- 0.835}^{+ 1.633}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.475^{+1.633}_{-0.835} $$
	H(z)+BAO	67.76 ± 1.66	$0 . 328_{- 0.045}^{+ 0.049}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.328^{+0.049}_{-0.045} $$	$0 . 009_{- 0.044}^{+ 0.050}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.009^{+0.050}_{-0.044} $$	−0.081 ± 0.133

Flat ΛCDM	H(z)	67.66 ± 3.05	$0 . 326_{- 0.054}^{+ 0.067}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.326^{+0.067}_{-0.054} $$	−	−
	H(z)+BAO	68.90 ± 0.49	0.298 ± 0.009	−	−

Non-flat ΛCDM	H(z)	67.99 ± 3.83	$0 . 350_{- 0.133}^{+ 0.124}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.350^{+0.124}_{-0.133} $$	$- 0 . 062_{- 0.354}^{+ 0.404}$ $Mathematical equation: $ -0.062^{+0.404}_{-0.354} $$	−
	H(z)+BAO	68.68 ± 0.60	0.294 ± 0.011	$0 . 024_{- 0.038}^{+ 0.043}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.024^{+0.043}_{-0.038} $$	−

Notes. (a) km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹; (b) We report posterior median values and 68% credible intervals for spatially flat and non-flat Λ(t)CDM and ΛCDM models obtained from the H(z) and H(z)+BAO data sets.

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