Normalized cross helicity (σ_c) versus normalized residual energy (σ_r) for the eight flux rope structures (named E1, E2, etc.) identified on 2023 September 27 (Fig. 3) and 28 (Figure 7). Each symbol corresponds to one flux-rope event, and the multiple points associated with each symbol represent time-dependent σ_c–σ_r values computed within the shaded interval of the event (Figs. 3 and 7.)