Fig. 13

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Galactic NH versus the observed NH for our high-z sample, estimated from the XMM2ATHENA 4XMM catalogs of X-ray spectral properties. The red, dashed line shows the one-to-one relation. Grey, solid circles are sources with an observed NH consistent with the galactic NH. The black, open circles show sources with NH robustly above the Galactic value (the lower limit of the 90% confidence interval is higher than the Galactic NH). The blue circles mark the optically selected QSO identified by Yang & Shen (2023) also included in our sample. The plot only includes sources where our estimated 90% confidence interval for the observed log NH is narrower than 3 dex (501 out of 801 sources).
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