Cosmological measurement of the gravitational constant G using the CMB, BAO, and BBN

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Table 1.

Constraints on a cosmological measurement of G = λ_G²G_codata for different data combination and cosmological models.

Model	Data	λ_G	H₀ (km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹)	w₀	w_a	Ω_k
ΛCDM	P20 TTTEEE + BAO SDSS	−	67.74 ± 0.41	−	−	−
ΛCDM	P20 TTTEEE + BAO DESI	−	68.22 ± 0.39	−	−	−
λ_GΛCDM	P20 TT	$1 . 048_{- 0.035}^{+ 0.027}$ $1.048^{+0.027}_{-0.035}$	$74 . 4_{- 5.2}^{+ 3.7}$ $74.4^{+3.7}_{-5.2}$	−	−	−
λ_GΛCDM	P18 TT + low E	0.998 ± 0.018	66.9 ± 2.00	−	−	−
λ_GΛCDM	P18 TT + low E high-ℓ	$0 . 969_{- 0.058}^{+ 0.052}$ $0.969^{+0.052}_{-0.058}$	$62 . 0_{- 4.9}^{+ 3.9}$ $62.0^{+3.9}_{-4.9}$	−	−	−
λ_GΛCDM	P18 TT + low E low-ℓ	$1 . 18_{- 0.038}^{+ 0.13}$ $1.18^{+0.13}_{-0.038}$	$80 . 9_{- 4.4}^{+ 8.5}$ $80.9^{+8.5}_{-4.4}$	−	−	−
λ_GΛCDM	P20 EE	$1 . 062_{- 0.059}^{+ 0.052}$ $1.062^{+0.052}_{-0.059}$	$74 . 7_{- 6.2}^{+ 5.4}$ $74.7^{+5.4}_{-6.2}$	−	−	−
λ_GΛCDM	P20 TE	1.023 ± 0.047	70.5 ± 4.4	−	−	−
λ_GΛCDM	P20 TTTEEE	1.007 ± 0.011	68.3 ± 1.1	−	−	−
λ_GΛCDM	P20 TTTEEE + BAO DESI	1.010 ± 0.011	69.11 ± 0.98	−	−	−
λ_GΛCDM	P20 TTTEEE + BAO DESI + BBN	1.0056 ± 0.0091	68.63 ± 0.87	−	−	−
λ_Gw₀CDM	P20 TTTEEE + BAO DESI	1.008 ± 0.011	$70 . 8_{- 1.9}^{+ 1.7}$ $70.8^{+1.7}_{-1.9}$	$- 1 . 070_{- 0.055}^{+ 0.062}$ $-1.070^{+0.062}_{-0.055}$	−	−
λ_Gw₀w_aCDM	P20 TTTEEE + BAO DESI	1.006 ± 0.011	64.9 ± 3.5	$- 0 . 46_{- 0.42}^{+ 0.31}$ $-0.46^{+0.31}_{-0.42}$	$- 1 . 67_{- 0.79}^{+ 1.2}$ $-1.67^{+1.2}_{-0.79}$	−
λ_GΩ_kΛCDM	P20 TTTEEE + BAO DESI	1.008 ± 0.011	69.3 ± 1.0	−	−	0.0016 ± 0.0015

Notes. The first two lines are obtained by fixing λ_G = 1 in our code, giving consistent results with the literature.

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