In-depth characterization of the Kepler-10 three-planet system with HARPS-N radial velocities and Kepler transit timing variations

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Volume 696 (April 2025)

A&A, 696 (2025) A233

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Table 5

Kepler-10 system parameters.

Stellar parameters	Value and 1σ error		Reference

Star mass M_⋆(M_⊙)	0.910 ± 0.021		D14
Star radius R_⋆(R_⊙)	1.065 ± 0.009		D14
Stellar density ρ_*(g cm⁻³)	1.068 ± 0.004		D14
Age t (Gyr)	${10.6}_{- 1.3}^{+ 1.5}$ $10.6_{-1.3}^{+1.5}$		D14
Effective temperature T_eff (K)	5708 ± 28		D14
Derived surface gravity log g (cgs)	4.344 ± 0.004		D14
Metallicity [Fe/H] (dex)	−0.15 ± 0.04		D14

Planetary parameters	Value and 1σ error	Value and 1σ error	Reference

Kepler-10 b	DE-MCMC

Transit Time T_c(BJD_TDB−2450000)	5034.08687(18)		D14
Orbital period P (days)	0.83749070(20)		D14
Orbital semimajor axis a (AU)	0.01685 ± 0.00013		D14
Orbital eccentricity e	0 (fixed)
Inclination i (deg)	${84.8}_{- 3.9}^{+ 3.2}$ $84.8_{-3.9}^{+3.2}$		D14
Planet radius R_p(R_⊕)	${1.47}_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.03}$ $1.47_{-0.02}^{+0.03}$		D14
Planet mass M_p(M_⊕)	3.24 ± 0.32		This work
Planet density ρ_p(g cm⁻³)	${5.54}_{- 0.62}^{+ 0.66}$ $5.54_{-0.62}^{+0.66}$		This work
Planet surface gravity log g_p (cgs)	${3.163}_{- 0.048}^{+ 0.046}$ $3.163_{-0.048}^{+0.046}$		This work
Equilibrium temperature⁽¹⁾ T_eq(K)	2188 ± 16		This work

Kepler-10 c	DE-MCMC	TRADES

Transit Time T_c(BJD_TDB−2450000)	5062.26648(81)		D14
Orbital period P (days)	45.294301(48)	${45.29334}_{- 0.00007}^{+ 0.00097}$ $45.29334_{-0.00007}^{+0.00097}$	D14 and this work
Orbital semimajor axis a (AU)	0.2410 ± 0.0019		D14
Orbital eccentricity e	0.136 ± 0.050	${0.121}_{- 0.018}^{+ 0.035}$ $0.121_{-0.018}^{+0.035}$	This work
Argument of periastron ω	$330_{- 23}^{+ 31}$ $330_{-23}^{+31}$	$8_{- 8}^{+ 21}$ $8_{-8}^{+21}$	This work
Inclination i (deg)	89.623 ± 0.011		This work
Planet radius R_p(R_⊕)	2.355 ± 0.022		This work
Planet mass M_p(M_⊕)	11.29 ± 1.24	${11.70}_{- 1.64}^{+ 0.78}$ $11.70_{-1.64}^{+0.78}$	This work
Planet density ρ_p(g cm⁻³)	4.75 ± 0.53	${4.82}_{- 0.70}^{+ 0.40}$ $4.82_{-0.70}^{+0.40}$	This work
Planet surface gravity log g_p (cgs)	${3.300}_{- 0.051}^{+ 0.044}$ $3.300_{-0.051}^{+0.044}$	${3.307}_{- 0.070}^{+ 0.030}$ $3.307_{-0.070}^{+0.030}$	This work
Equilibrium temperature¹ T_eq (K)	579 ± 4		This work

Kepler-10 d	DE-MCMC	TRADES

Transit Time T_c(BJD_TDB−2450000)	${7165.4}_{- 5.3}^{+ 4.7}$ $7165.4_{-5.3}^{+4.7}$		This work
Orbital period P (days)	151.06 ± 0.48	${151.09}_{- 0.41}^{+ 0.18}$ $151.09_{-0.41}^{+0.18}$	This work
Orbital semimajor axis a (AU)	0.5379 ± 0.0043		This work
Orbital eccentricity e	0.19 ± 0.10(<0.24)	${0.190}_{- 0.070}^{+ 0.027}$ $0.190_{-0.070}^{+0.027}$	This work
Argument of periastron ω	$150_{- 31}^{+ 28}$ $150_{-31}^{+28}$	$148_{- 55}^{+ 13}$ $148_{-55}^{+13}$	This work
Planet minimum mass M_p sin i (M_⊕)	12.00 ± 2.15	${13.00}_{- 2.44}^{+ 0.73}$ $13.00_{-2.44}^{+0.73}$	This work
Equilibrium temperature⁽¹⁾ T_eq (K)	387 ± 3		This work

Notes. ⁽¹⁾Blackbody equilibrium temperature assuming a null Bond albedo and uniform heat redistribution to the night side.

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