Measurements of the dipole isolating different contributions, using the 10% bright – 90% faint split. In the left panels, we show the ‘light cone’ data points from the catalogue using the background redshift to perform both selection and measurements, while ‘Doppler + light cone’ uses the redshift corrected by the peculiar velocities of the galaxies. In the right panels, ‘gravitational redshift + light cone’ uses a redshift that includes gravitational redshift but does not account for the peculiar motion of the sources, and the measurements labelled as ‘all’ include both peculiar velocities and gravitational redshift. The theory predictions (red continuous lines) represent our fiducial theory model, which incorporates linear velocities and nonlinear gravitational redshift. Rows from top to bottom correspond to measurements at redshift $\overline{z}=1,1.2,1.4,1.65$, respectively. The ‘light cone’ and ‘gravitational redshift + light cone’ data points have been offset by 0.5 h⁻¹ Mpc along the d-axis for better visualisation.