Contours depict the H₂-to-dust ratio as a function of gas metallicity for all model galaxies. MS galaxies ($\mid \log (\mathrm{SFR})-\log ({\mathrm{SFR}}_{\mathrm{MS}})\mid <0.5$) at the given redshift are represented by the circles, which depict the median H₂-to-dust ratio within stellar mass bins, accompanied by the 25%–75% percentiles. The two lines labelled as G12 and B13 correspond to fits obtained in Bertemes et al. (2018) when using the CO-to-H₂ conversion factors derived in Genzel et al. (2012) or Bolatto et al. (2013), respectively. The colour contours enclose grids containing a specific number of galaxies as indicated in the colour bar, utilizing 0.2 dex-wide bins along both the x and y axes.