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Fig. 1

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XUV luminosity of Johansen et al. (2023a) in black and of three stars with different initial rotation rates (Ω) in units of the Sun’s initial rotation rate (Ω = 2.67×1(10−6 rad/s) from Johnstone et al. (2021). These are slow, medium, and fast rotators defined as the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of their observed 150 Myr distribution.

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