Validation of the global Earth magnetic connectivity using in situ polarity. Each line corresponds to one of the studied events (event 1 for line 1, and so forth). For the left column, we plot the Earth’s latitude for each date over the simulated period and indicate the corresponding in situ polarity measured by ACE with a colored box (blue for negative, and red for positive). We put this in perspective with the simulated HCS at Earth’s orbit (black line). The middle column is essentially the same plot, except that this time, the polarity at Earth positions comes from the MHD simulations. Finally, the right column quantifies the agreement between in situ and simulated polarity for each date (in green when there is agreement, and in red otherwise). These plots were inspired by the work of Badman et al. (2022).