Comparison of the in situ observations at Earth and the modelled velocity (top panel) and density time series (bottom panel) obtained in EUHFORIA simulations. The in situ data are presented as the green line and the modelled time series have different shades according to the position at which they were estimated (blue shades are at the positions above Earth and red shades are time series below Earth). The modelling results were derived using the CME characteristics obtained from the best GCS fit, e.g. GCS4, at which the CME was the furthest away from the solar surface. The red arrow indicates the observed arrival time at Earth. The black arrow indicates the modelled arrival time of the shock wave to Earth (dashed black curve) at zero degree latitude and longitude. The blue arrow indicates the estimated arrival time from the measurements of the radio observations. The modelled time of the shock wave’s arrival at Earth is almost at the same time as the observed one, Δt ≈ +20min. The observed Δt is different for different latitudes ranging from 10–14 h.