Pixel-based comparison of the indicators of the PAH mass fraction between the NGC 628-like galaxy simulation and actual observations. Panel a: vI_v(8 μm)/I_TIR versus the 160 μm intensity for the NGC 628-like galaxy simulation at t = 10 Gyr (orange) and based on the Herschel and Spitɀer observations for NGC 628 (blue). Panel b: R_PAH versus the 21 μm intensity for the NGC 628-like galaxy simulation at t = 10 Gyr (orange) and based on the JWST observations for NGC 628 (blue). In both panels, the green color represents the model, in which the PAH mass is enhanced by a factor of eight. The solid and dashed lines represent the mean value over all pixels of the photometric data of the models and observations, respectively, and the shaded area corresponds to the 10th–90th percentile range.