Effect of the intrinsic extinction on the Hubble–Lemaître diagram. Top panel: Hubble–Lemaître diagram of the the sources used to investigate the possible effects of local reddening. The redshift bins used for this purpose are colour-coded in the legend together with the number of objects per bin and the corresponding E(B − V). Coloured stars represent the average values in each redshift bin, while black stars mark the ΛCDM model expectations, with red segments joining these two values. Increasingly high values of E(B − V) are needed in order to produce the observed tension with the concordance cosmological model. Bottom panel: difference between the predicted and observed distance modulus (ΔDM). Values are not extrapolated below z = 1.0 and above z = 4.8.