Thermal evolution curves for a Jupiter analog. GASTLI’s fiducial thermal curve provides a lower internal temperature estimate for Jupiter of 99 K (cold). An upper estimate of Jupiter’s intrinsic temperature (warm, 107 K) is shown for comparison. The fiducial case assumes a solar envelope composition and a CMF = 0.03. GASTLI models at higher envelope metallicities show that cooling takes longer compared to the fiducial case due to more optically thick atmospheres. Markers indicate the internal temperature values at which the entropy was sampled in the thermal sequence (see Sect. 5.2). A MH21 model for the fiducial case (Z_env = 0.013) is shown for comparison.