Atmospheric profiles for Jupiter’s interior–atmosphere models. Our clear petitCODE fiducial model is 50 K warmer than suggested by the atmospheric data for Jupiter provided by Voyager and the Galileo probe (Seiff et al. 1998; Gupta et al. 2022; Li et al. 2024). We assume the fiducial case, with an internal temperature of T_int = 107 K, a solar composition, and a CMF of 0.03. For the Guillot (2010) atmospheric models, we adopt an infrared opacity of κ_th = 0.01 cm² g⁻¹, and a visible-to-thermal opacity ratio of κ_υ/κ_th = γ = 0.4.