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Fig. 1

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Simplified visualization of the modeling setup of sunbather. The variables are as follows: Rp and Mp are the planet radius and mass, a is the orbital distance (only circular orbits are possible), M* and F*(λ) are the stellar mass and spectral energy distribution, T0 and M˙$\[\dot{M}\]$ are the (constant) temperature and mass-loss rate of the Parker wind, Z denotes the atmospheric bulk composition, μ(r), ρ(r), υ(r), and T(r) are the atmospheric mean particle mass, density, velocity, and (nonconstant) temperature profiles, nX(r) represents the number density of any “chemical species” (i.e., any energy level of an atom or ion), b and ϕ are the planet transit impact parameter and orbital phase, and R*, u1 (λ) and u2(λ) are the stellar radius and quadratic limb-darkening parameters.

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