The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs - Revisiting the GJ 581 multi-planetary system with new Doppler measurements from CARMENES, HARPS, and HIRES

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Volume 688 (August 2024)

A&A, 688 (2024) A112

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Table 4

Parameter estimates of the Gl 581 system from joint N-body modeling of RVs from CARMENES, HIRES, HARPS, and including a GP model for stellar activity.

	Median and 1-σ			Maximum – ln ℒ

Parameter	Planet e	Planet b	Planet c	Planet e	Planet b	Planet c
K (m s⁻¹)	${1.8}_{- 0.1}^{+ 0.1}$ $1.8_{ - 0.1}^{ + 0.1}$	${12.6}_{- 0.1}^{+ 0.1}$ $12.6_{ - 0.1}^{ + 0.1}$	${3.1}_{- 0.1}^{+ 0.1}$ $3.1_{ - 0.1}^{ + 0.1}$	1.9	12.6	3.1
P (days)	${3.1499}_{- 0.0001}^{+ 0.0001}$ $3.1499_{ - 0.0001}^{ + 0.0001}$	${5.3683}_{- 0.0001}^{+ 0.0001}$ $5.3683_{ - 0.0001}^{ + 0.0001}$	${12.9201}_{- 0.0006}^{+ 0.0006}$ $12.9201_{ - 0.0006}^{ + 0.0006}$	3.151	5.368	12.920
e	${0.029}_{- 0.016}^{+ 0.019}$ $0.029_{ - 0.016}^{ + 0.019}$	${0.0284}_{- 0.009}^{+ 0.008}$ $0.0284_{ - 0.009}^{ + 0.008}$	${0.0161}_{- 0.0111}^{+ 0.0118}$ $0.0161_{ - 0.0111}^{ + 0.0118}$	0.025	0.038	0.017
ω (deg)	${235.4}_{- 39.8}^{+ 23.7}$ $235.4_{ - 39.8}^{ + 23.7}$	${70.4}_{- 14.6}^{+ 16.5}$ $70.4_{ - 14.6}^{ + 16.5}$	${226.4}_{- 103.8}^{+ 80.9}$ $226.4_{ - 103.8}^{ + 80.9}$	243.4	71.1	237.0
MA (deg)	${31.5}_{- 21.4}^{+ 34.5}$ $31.5_{ - 21.4}^{ + 34.5}$	${214.2}_{- 16.9}^{+ 14.6}$ $214.2_{ - 16.9}^{ + 14.6}$	${156.9}_{- 80.3}^{+ 103.3}$ $156.9_{ - 80.3}^{ + 103.3}$	35.8	212.9	146.8
a (au)	${0.02799}_{- 0.0003}^{+ 0.0003}$ $0.02799_{ - 0.0003}^{ + 0.0003}$	${0.0399}_{- 0.0005}^{+ 0.0005}$ $0.0399_{ - 0.0005}^{ + 0.0005}$	${0.0717}_{- 0.0008}^{+ 0.0008}$ $0.0717_{ - 0.0008}^{ + 0.0008}$	0 028	0.040	0.072
m_p (M_⊕)	${1.83}_{- 0.10}^{+ 0.10}$ $1.83_{ - 0.10}^{ + 0.10}$	${15.31}_{- 0.38}^{+ 0.38}$ $15.31_{ - 0.38}^{ + 0.38}$	${5.01}_{- 0.21}^{+ 0.21}$ $5.01_{ - 0.21}^{ + 0.21}$	1 89	15.24	5.03

GP_Rot amp. (m s⁻¹)		${15.1}_{- 3.7}^{+ 5.3}$ $15.1_{ - 3.7}^{ + 5.3}$			10.4
GP_Rot time scale (days)		${706.4}_{- 81.3}^{+ 247.8}$ $706.4_{ - 81.3}^{ + 247.8}$			400.1
GP_Rot period (days)		${66.8}_{- 2.1}^{+ 1.5}$ $66.8_{ - 2.1}^{ + 1.5}$			66.2
GP_Rot fact.		${0.19}_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.09}$ $0.19_{ - 0.06}^{ + 0.09}$			0.21
RV_off CARM. (m s⁻¹)		$- {1.4}_{- 1.6}^{+ 1.7}$ $- 1.4_{ - 1.6}^{ + 1.7}$			−1.9
RV_off HIRES (m s⁻¹)		$- {0.3}_{- 1.3}^{+ 1.1}$ $- 0.3_{ - 1.3}^{ + 1.1}$			−0.3
RV_off HARPS (ms⁻¹)		${0.4}_{- 1.3}^{+ 1.3}$ $0.4_{ - 1.3}^{ + 1.3}$			0.4
RV_jit CARM. (m s⁻¹)		${0.9}_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.4}$ $0.9_{ - 0.4}^{ + 0.4}$			0.9
RV_jit HIRES (m s⁻¹)		${1.5}_{- 0.2}^{+ 0.2}$ $1.5_{ - 0.2}^{ + 0.2}$			1.5
RV_jit HARPS (m s ⁻¹)		${0.6}_{- 0.1}^{+ 0.1}$ $0.6_{ - 0.1}^{ + 0.1}$			0.6

Notes. Listed are the best-fit parameters and 1−σ uncertainties from the NS posterior analysis.

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