The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs - Revisiting the GJ 581 multi-planetary system with new Doppler measurements from CARMENES, HARPS, and HIRES

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Volume 688 (August 2024)

A&A, 688 (2024) A112

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Table 2

Published main orbital parameters of all confirmed and conjectural planets in the GJ 581 system.

Planet	P_orb (days)	M_p sin i (M_⊕)	a (au)	e	Reference
e	3.14942 ± 0.00045	1.94	0.03	0 (fixed)	Mayor et al. (2009)
	3.14867 ± 0.00039	1.7 ± 0.2	0.0284533 ± 0.0000023	0 (fixed)	Vogt et al. (2010)
	3.14941 ± 0.00022	1.84	0.028	0 (fixed)	Forveille et al. (2011)
	3.1494 ± 0.0305	1.860 ± 0.406	0.028459 ± 0.000177	0 (fixed)	Vogt et al. (2012)^(a)
	3.14905 ± 0.00016	1.77 ± 0.13	0.02845621 ± 0.0000095	0.195 ± 0.073	Baluev (2013)^(b)
	3.1490 ± 0.0002	1.7 ± 0.2	0.02815 ± 0.00006	0.00 ± 0.06	Robertson et al. (2014)
	${3.153}_{- 0.006}^{+ 0.001}$ $3.153_{ - 0.006}^{ + 0.001}$	${1.657}_{- 0.161}^{+ 0.240}$ $1.657_{ - 0.161}^{ + 0.240}$	0.029 ± 0.001	${0.125}_{- 0.015}^{+ 0.078}$ $0.125_{ - 0.015}^{ + 0.078}$	Trifonov et al. (2018)
	${3.14994}_{- 0.00074}^{+ 0.00074}$ $3.14994_{ - 0.00074}^{ + 0.00074}$	${1.83}_{- 0.10}^{+ 0.10}$ $1.83_{ - 0.10}^{ + 0.10}$	${0.02799}_{- 0.0003}^{+ 0.0003}$ $0.02799_{ - 0.0003}^{ + 0.0003}$	${0.029}_{- 0.016}^{+ 0.019}$ $0.029_{ - 0.016}^{ + 0.019}$	This work
b	5 366 ± 0 001	16.6	0.041	0 (fixed)	Bonfils et al. (2005)
	5 3683 ± 0 0003	15.7	0.041	0.02 ± 0.01	Udry et al. (2007)
	5.36874 ± 0.00019	15.65	0.04	0 (fixed)	Mayor et al. (2009)
	5.36841 ± 0.00026	15.6 ± 0.315.96	0.0406163 ± 0.0000013	0 (fixed)	Vogt et al. (2010)
	5.36864 ± 0.00009	15.96	0.041	0 (fixed)	Forveille et al. (2011)
	5.3694 ± 0.0122	16.00 ± 1.17	0.0406161 ± 0.0000609	0 (fixed)	Vogt et al. (2012)^(a)
	5.368589 ± 0.000068	15.86 ± 0.16	0.04061189 ± 0.00000034	0.022 ± 0.010	Baluev (2013)^(b)
	5.3686 ± 0.0001	15.8 ± 0.3	0.04061 ± 0.00003	0.00 ± 0.03	Robertson et al. (2014)
	${5.368}_{- 0.001}^{+ 0.001}$ $5.368_{ - 0.001}^{ + 0.001}$	${15.20}_{- 0.27}^{+ 0.22}$ $15.20_{ - 0.27}^{ + 0.22}$	0.041 ± 0.001	${0.022}_{- 0.005}^{+ 0.027}$ $0.022_{ - 0.005}^{ + 0.027}$	Trifonov et al. (2018)
	${5.36832}_{- 0.00010}^{+ 0.00010}$ $5.36832_{ - 0.00010}^{ + 0.00010}$	${15.31}_{- 0.38}^{+ 0.38}$ $15.31_{ - 0.38}^{ + 0.38}$	${0.0399}_{- 0.0005}^{+ 0.0005}$ $0.0399_{ - 0.0005}^{ + 0.0005}$	${0.02836}_{- 0.0087}^{+ 0.0087}$ $0.02836_{ - 0.0087}^{ + 0.0087}$	This work
c	12.932 ± 0.007	5.03	0.073	0.16 ± 0.07	Udry et al. (2007)
	12.9292 ± 0.0047	5.36	0.07	0.17 ± 0.07	Mayor et al. (2009)
	12.9191 ± 0.0058	5.6 ± 0.3	0.072993 ± 0.000022	0 (fixed)	Vogt et al. (2010)
	12.9171 ± 0.0022	5.41	0.073	0 (fixed)	Forveille et al. (2011)
	12.9355 ± 0.0591	5.302 ± 0.881	0.072989 ± 0.000226	0 (fixed)	Vogt et al. (2012)^(a)
	12.9186 ± 0.0021	5.38 ± 0.28	0.0721 ± 0.0003	0.040 ± 0.044	Baluev (2013)^(b)
	12.914 ± 0.002	5.5 ± 0.3	0.0721 ± 0.0003	0.00 ± 0.06	Robertson et al. (2014)
	${12.919}_{- 0.002}^{+ 0.003}$ $12.919_{ - 0.002}^{ + 0.003}$	${5.652}_{- 0.239}^{+ 0.386}$ $5.652_{ - 0.239}^{ + 0.386}$	0.074 ± 0.001	${0.087}_{- 0.016}^{+ 0.250}$ $0.087_{ - 0.016}^{ + 0.250}$	Trifonov et al. (2018)
	${12.92015}_{- 0.00062}^{+ 0.00062}$ $12.92015_{ - 0.00062}^{ + 0.00062}$	${5.01}_{- 0.21}^{+ 0.21}$ $5.01_{ - 0.21}^{ + 0.21}$	${0.0717}_{- 0.0008}^{+ 0.0008}$ $0.0717_{ - 0.0008}^{ + 0.0008}$	${0.0161}_{- 0.0111}^{+ 0.0118}$ $0.0161_{ - 0.0111}^{ + 0.0118}$	This work
[g]	36.562 ± 0.052	3 1±0 4	0.14601 ± 0.00014	0 (fixed)	Vogt et al. (2010)
	32.129 ± 0.635	2 242 ± 0 644	0.13386 ± 0.00173	0 (fixed)	Vogt et al. (2012)^(a)
[d]	83.6 ± 0.7	7 7	0.25	0.20 ± 0.10	Udry et al. (2007)
	66.80 ± 0.14	7.09	0.22	0.38 ± 0.09	Mayor et al. (2009)
	66.87 ± 0.13	5 6±0 6	0.21847 ± 0.00028	0 (fixed)	Vogt et al. (2010)
	66.59 ± 0.10	5.26	0.22	0 (fixed)	Forveille et al. (2011)
	66.671 ± 0.948	5.94± 1.05	0.21778 ± 0.00198	0 (fixed)	Vogt et al. (2012)^(a)
[f]	433 ± 13	7.0 ± 1.2	0.758 ± 0.015	0 (fixed)	Vogt et al. (2010)

Notes. ^(a)Astrometric, circular, noninteracting model for a potential five-planet system as preferred by Vogt et al. (2012). ^(b)Shared-red-jitter model for a potential three-planet system as preferred by Baluev (2013).

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