Fig. 2.

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Snapshots after ∼350 000 yr of our protoplanetary disk simulations with thermal accommodation times calculated from the dust distribution for three different initial particle sizes. Simulations initialized with larger particles and thus more settled dust layers are mostly not VSI active in the outer disk regions. If the VSI, however, can develop in the first place, it can stabilize the dust layer and sustain itself, even if grain growth is considered.
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