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Table 1
Simulation setup of the joint analysis JUICE and Europa Clipper.
| Spacecraft (local parameters) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Nominal values and specifications | A priori uncertainty |
| State | Initial states from CReMA 5.0 (JUICE) and 21F31 v4 (Europa Clipper) | Unconstrained |
| Antenna phase offsets | Nominal value: 0 m. | 1 m for X, Y, Z directions |
| SRP scale factor | Solar radiation pressure scaling factor set to 1.0 | 0.5 |
| Range bias | Nominal value: 0 m. | JUICE: 1 m Europa Clipper: 2 m |
| Empirical accelerations | Nominal value: 0 km/s2. | 1.5 × 10–12 km/s2 |
| Galilean moons (global parameters) | ||
| Parameter | Nominal values and specifications | A priori uncertainty |
| Satellites state | Epoch at 01-JAN-2033, initial state from jup380 | Unconstrained |
| GMs | GMs of the Galilean moons and innermost moons of Jupiter from JPL’s jup380 (ftp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/eph/satellites/bsp/ jup380s.bsp) | Unconstrained |
| Europa’s gravity harmonics coefficients | Quadrupole coefficients from Gomez Casajus et al. (2021), higher terms simulated from Kaula’s rule, K = 2.0 × 10–5. Estimated up to order and degree 15. | Degree-2 unconstrained, higher terms Kaula’s rule with K = 10 × 10–5 |
| Ganymede’s gravity harmonics coefficients | Quadrupole coefficients from Gomez Casajus et al. (2022), higher terms simulated from Kaula’s rule, K = 0.9 × 10–5. Estimated up to order and degree 50. | Degree-2 unconstrained, higher terms Kaula’s rule with K = 4.5 × 10–5 |
| Callisto’s gravity harmonics coefficients | Quadrupole coefficients from Anderson et al. (2001), higher terms simulated from Kaula’s rule, K = 1.125 × 10–5. Estimated up to order and degree 9. | Degree-2 unconstrained, higher terms Kaula’s rule with K = 5.625 × 10–5 |
| Tidal parameters | Estimated Re(k2) and Im(k2) for all the Galilean moons. Re(k2) from Lainey et al. (2009), Mazarico et al. (2023), Cappuccio et al. (2022). Im(k2) nominal value: 0. | Unconstrained |
| Rotational state | Estimated libration amplitudes at orbital period and pole obliquity as right ascension and declination of the rotational axis of Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. | Libration amplitudes unconstrained, Right ascension and Declination = 0.5 deg |
| Jupiter (global parameters) | ||
| Parameter | Nominal values and specifications | A priori uncertainty |
| State | With respect to the Sun. Epoch at 01-JAN-2033, initial state from DE440. | Unconstrained |
| GM and gravity harmonics coefficients | From Durante et al. (2020). Estimated zonal harmonics coefficients up degree 6. | Juno results × 100 (Durante et al. 2020) |
| Tidal parameters | Re(k2) from Durante et al. (2020). Im(k2) nominal value: 0. | Unconstrained |
| Rotational state | From Archinal et al. (2018). Assuming linear model for pole’s right ascension, declination and prime meridian. | Unconstrained |
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