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Fig. 5.

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Left: toroidal field component squared amplitude as a function of the Rossby number, Rof, probed near the surface. At low Rof, the agreement between the simulations (purple line) and observational (dashed black line) fits is qualitatively good, with both simulations and observations showing a decreasing trend, although the field amplitude is too low near the surface (left panel). This is likely due to our choice of top magnetic boundary conditions. Right: same quantity probed in the middle of the convection zone, where the agreement is quantitatively good, with both fits being close in terms of the power law index. A possible inverse trend is indicated by the simulations at higher Rossby numbers, Rof > 1 (not covered by the observational database), and hence suggests a minimum in the toroidal field strength near Rof ∼ 1, which could have interesting consequences for stellar spin-down via wind braking.

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