Open Access
Table B.2.
Overview of some of the currently known LyC emission at high redshift, showing results from surveys or stacks, often using star-forming galaxies (SFGs), AGN, LAEs or LBGs.
| object(s) | paper(s) | redshift | fesc, LyC | notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 29 LBGs | Steidel et al. (2001) | z = 3.4 | fesc ≳ 50 | 5 times more LyC photons per unit comoving volume compared to quasars at z≈3 |
| 14 SFGs | Shapley et al. (2006) | z ≈ 3 | fesc = 14 | |
| 7/73 LBGs, 10/125 LAEs | Iwata et al. (2009) | z ≃ 3.1 | fesc, rel = 0.45 | |
| 102 LBGs | Vanzella et al. (2010a) | z = 3.4 − 4.5 |
 |
they also find one individual candidate |
| 15 starburst galaxies | Siana et al. (2010) | z ≈ 1.3 | fesc, rel < 0.02 | stacked limit, 3σ |
| 11 LBGs | Boutsia et al. (2011) | z ≈ 3.3 | fesc, rel < 5% | smallest limit at that z |
| 6/26 LBGs, 28/130 LAEs | Nestor et al. (2011) | z ≈ 3 | ∼10% for LBGs | low UV/LyC ratios of LAEs explained with orientation effects, follow-up of SSA22 field |
| 9/41 LBGs, 20/91 LAEs | Nestor et al. (2013) | z ≈ 3 |
 ,  |
follow-up of SSA22 field |
| 4/49 LBGs, 7/91 LAEs | Mostardi et al. (2013) | z ≈ 2.85 |
 ,  |
|
| ∼600 SFGs | Rutkowski et al. (2016) | z ≈ 1 | fesc, abs < 2.1% | 3σ limit from individual non-detections |
| 37 galaxies | Grazian et al. (2016) | z ≈ 3.3 | fesc, rel < 2% | two individual detections, fesc for stacks |
| 7 lensed galaxies | Leethochawalit et al. (2016) | 4 < z < 5 | fesc, abs ≃ 19 ± 6% | |
| 588 Hα galaxies, 160 LAEs | Matthee et al. (2017) | z ≈ 2 | fesc < 2.8 (6.4)% | stacking median (mean) |
| 69 SFGs | Grazian et al. (2017) | z ≈ 3.3 |
 ,  |
|
| SFGs | Rutkowski et al. (2017) | z ≈ 2.5 | fesc, rel < 15% | selected on [OII] and high [OIII]/[OII] |
| 6 galaxies | Naidu et al. (2017) | z ≈ 2 | fesc > 60% | |
| 73 galaxies | Naidu et al. (2018) | z ≈ 3.5 |
 |
selected based on high [OIII]/[OII] but no LyC detection |
| 124 galaxies | Steidel et al. (2018) | z ≈ 3 | fesc, abs = 0.09 ± 0.01 | |
| 61 galaxies | Fletcher et al. (2019) | z ≃ 3.1 | 20% of objects show LyC leakage | |
| 110 galaxies | Smith et al. (2020) | 2.26 < z < 4.3 | dominated by AGN | |
| 5 candidates | Jones et al. (2021) | 2.35 < z < 3.05 | ||
| 11 candidates | Saxena et al. (2022) | 3.1 < z < 3.5 | fesc, abs = 0.7 − 0.52 | |
| 6 candidates | Rivera-Thorsen et al. (2022) | 2 < z < 3.5 | fesc, abs = 0.36 − 1 | |
| 148 SFGs | Begley et al. (2022) | z ≃ 3.5 | fesc = 0.07 ± 0.02 | |
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